Males and Females are equally affected Autosomal
The process of copying DNA in the lab. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers. What is
needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)?
Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it)What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain
Reaction?
Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and
ADD DNA Polymerase What is Annealing?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a new
DNA strand. What is elongating?
Ligase What is NOT involved in PCR?
It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that is
damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase
puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. What is base excision repair (BER)?
DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back,
DNA ligase seals it back up. What are the 3 steps in base excision repair?
1 How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove?
Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from
the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage)
Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase
fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide
from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again. What repairs a base mismatch?
When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental
sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase
binds to DNA to make RNA What is DNA Transcription?
CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of nucleotides
are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by
DNA polymerase. What is NecleoTIDE repair?
,It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it
completely. What is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence. What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off What is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT alternation
of the gene code. What is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called nucleosomes.
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the
nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed) What is packaging of
DNA?
Polymerase What is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a premature
STOP codon What is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) What is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. What is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders are
caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each
cell. (males and females are equally affected) What is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak interaction.
Ionized means it has a + or -. Alanine is an amino acid with an amino group, a carboxyl group,
and a methyl group (side chain). What happens if it looses an electron.
, Amino Acids whose side chains prefer water. (NH, OH, SH) What is a Polar Amino Acid?
Amino Acids that Can't Have (CH) water (hydrophobic) What is a Non Polar Amino Acid?
It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it
completely. What is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence. What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off What is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT alternation
of the gene code. What is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called nucleosomes.
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the
nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed) What is packaging of
DNA?
Polymerase What is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a premature
STOP codon What is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) What is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. What is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders are
caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each
cell. (males and females are equally affected) What is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak interaction.
Ionized means it has a + or -. Alanine is an amino acid with an amino group, a carboxyl group,
and a methyl group (side chain). What happens if it looses an electron.
The process of copying DNA in the lab. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers. What is
needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)?
Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it)What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain
Reaction?
Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and
ADD DNA Polymerase What is Annealing?
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a new
DNA strand. What is elongating?
Ligase What is NOT involved in PCR?
It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that is
damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase
puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. What is base excision repair (BER)?
DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back,
DNA ligase seals it back up. What are the 3 steps in base excision repair?
1 How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove?
Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE
PROOFREADING What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from
the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage)
Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase
fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide
from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again. What repairs a base mismatch?
When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental
sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase
binds to DNA to make RNA What is DNA Transcription?
CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of nucleotides
are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by
DNA polymerase. What is NecleoTIDE repair?
,It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it
completely. What is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence. What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off What is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT alternation
of the gene code. What is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called nucleosomes.
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the
nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed) What is packaging of
DNA?
Polymerase What is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a premature
STOP codon What is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) What is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. What is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders are
caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each
cell. (males and females are equally affected) What is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak interaction.
Ionized means it has a + or -. Alanine is an amino acid with an amino group, a carboxyl group,
and a methyl group (side chain). What happens if it looses an electron.
, Amino Acids whose side chains prefer water. (NH, OH, SH) What is a Polar Amino Acid?
Amino Acids that Can't Have (CH) water (hydrophobic) What is a Non Polar Amino Acid?
It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it
completely. What is Homologous Recombination?
Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before
making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift
mutations). What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion?
It must bind to RNA primer What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA
TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL
sequences to ensure a correct pair.
introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous
coding sequence. What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule?
The ability to turn genes on and off What is Gene Expression?
The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT alternation
of the gene code. What is epigenetics?
Where a DNA molecule wraps around histone proteins to form tight loops called nucleosomes.
These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. (genes are ON if the
nucleosomes are wide spread and OFF if the genes are tightly packed) What is packaging of
DNA?
Polymerase What is needed for DNA replication?
A point mutation in a sequence of DNA (change in one nucleotide) that results in a premature
STOP codon What is NonSense Mutation
A mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. (1
neucleotide changes but it codes for the same amino acid) What is a Silent Mutation?
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a
DIFFERENT amino acid. What is a Missense Mutation?
It is typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. X-linked dominant disorders are
caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each
cell. (males and females are equally affected) What is Autosomal Dominate?
It becomes Ionized Alanine. (Alanine is HYDROPHOBIC and has CH3 as its weak interaction.
Ionized means it has a + or -. Alanine is an amino acid with an amino group, a carboxyl group,
and a methyl group (side chain). What happens if it looses an electron.
