PSY 255 Quiz 2 Study Guide 2022 questions and answer (100% correct)

PSY-255 Quiz 2 Study Guide What is the definition of the primary characteristics of trait theory? Ans: 1. traits are stable over time 2. stable across situations What are the differences between nomotheic and idiographic approaches to trait theory? Ans: Nomotheic - identifying certain traits and checking to see if someone else has it Idiographic - examines trait thoroughly and tries to understands individuals and what they are driven by. (opposite of nomotheic) What are the differences in common, central, and cardinal traits? Ans: Common traits - traits that everyone has Central traits - 5-10 traits that best describe the individual Cardinal traits - single trait dominates personality What is the Thematic aptitude test? Ans: the TAT (designed by Henry Murray) is widely used and consists of a series of ambiguous pictures What is factor analysis? Ans: many ideas slimmed down by smaller more defined ideas What are the Big Five and provide examples of behaviors consistent with these strategies? Ans: Fiske (1949) performed a factor analysis on personality and identified 5 factors - openness - extraversion - neuroticism - agreeableness - consciousness What is faking good and faking bad on tests, consider who might use these strategies? Ans: Faking good - people will try to present themselves as better than they are faking bad - people will present themselves worse than they are What are the strengths of the trait approach? Ans: - require more research Why are those with a high need for achievement ineffective leaders? Ans: they don't like giving up control and don't want to let anyone take over (helicoptering everyone) What differentiates men and women regarding success? Ans: Men approach success through personal achievement (individualistic) Women approach success through group achievement How does culture influence motivation? Ans: individualistic culture - achievement is determined by accomplishments collectivist culture - achievement is more often denied How is attribution impacted by stability, locus, and control? Ans: Stability impacts attribution. Locus - what impacts world or individual. (internal - positive/external-negative) Control - not much a person can do Differentiate mastery goals and performance goals Ans: mastery goals lead to more achievement than performance goals (mastery goals - concerned with developing competence performance goals - concerned with demonstrating accomplishment to others) Identify the primary differences between a Type A and Type B person. Ans: Type A person is motivate, competitive, and controlling Type B person is relaxed, less likely to seek competition, and less likely to be easily angered What are the basic behaviors of social anxiety and evaluation apprehension? Ans: social anxiety evaluation apprehension is people who are afraid of how the other person will judge them/rate them Differentiate emotional affectivity, intensity, and expressiveness Ans: emotional affectivity - the extent to which a person typically adopts an optimistic approach to dealing with life changes emotional expressiveness - refers to a person's outward display of emotions intensity - refers to the strength or degree to which people experience emotions What are the supertraits of Eysenck's theory Ans: Introversion/extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism What is the connection between cortical arousal and extraversion according to Eysenck? Ans: extraverts require more brain activity What is the connection between sensitivity to stimulation and extraversion? Ans: extraverts are likely to find the same gathering fun/easily bored by slow moving movie plots & soft music (extraverts require more stimulation) How does the trait of shyness change throughout the lifespan? Ans: Most stable trait. more nature rather than nurture. What is the purpose pf psychological mechanisms according to evolutionary psychology? Ans: Evolutionary psych leads us to establishing maintaining children to create children. Creates advantage to maintain children How does temperament impact childhood education? Ans: more problems with fighting, lying, and disobeying at both school and home How do hemispherical differences impact personality? Ans: Most people are left brain dominant. Right brain is depression, anger (more negative). What are the benefits of twin studies? Ans: environment and genetics are the same How do correlations help twin studies? Ans: The stronger the correlation, the more likely the trait we study has a trait component (The more of this, the less of that). (.54 in correlation means strong genetic component) What are some limitations of adoption studies? Ans: - same sex - most studies use MZ & DZ How heritable is extraversion? Ans: extraversion appears to have one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable studied Identify some reasons extraverts are happier Ans: high levels of extraversion also are related to high levels of psychological well-being What does "parental investment" mean in evolutionary psychology? Ans: means adults are concerned about reproducing and passing genes along to the next generation (selecting mates based off of successful production/effective child rearing What is the lipstick effect? Ans: tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during economic downturns; drives them to make themselves more attractive Examples of behavior consistent with the Big 5 Ans: openness - active imaginations/consider new ideas extraversion - energetic/friendly/optimistic neuroticism - emotional distress/more upset over daily stressors agreeableness - helpful/trusting/sympathetic