AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY
what is RNA? - Answer ribonucleic acid
MRNA and TRNA
single stranded
shorter
AU CG
what are biological molecules? - Answer molecules made and used by living organisms
eg. lipids, carbs, DNA, AT, water, inorganic ions
what are the functions of carbohydrates? - Answer -energy source (respiration)
-energy store (starch and glycogen)
-structure (cellulose)
ATP structure? - Answer 1 adenosine 3 phosphates
ADP and energy= ATP
condensation reaction using ATP synthase
carries energy in bonds
hydrolysis breaks down into ADP and energy using ATP hydrolase
releases energy from phosphate group bonds
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates called? - Answer monosaccharides
why is ATP a good source of energy? - Answer immediate release, only need to break
one bond
releases small amounts of energy at a time, manageable
examples of monosaccharides - Answer glucose, fructose, galactose
uses of ATP? - Answer protein synthesis
organelle synthesis
dna replication
mitosis
active transport
metabolic reactions
movement
homeostasis
formula for monosaccharides? - Answer c6h12o6 -same formula but arranged
differently
role of water in biology? - Answer acts as a habitat for organisms
make up cytoplasm, tissue fluid, blood, xylem and phloem
water properties? - Answer dipolar
partially positive hydrogen partially negative oxygen
so separate water molecules form hydrogen bonds with eachother
,AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY
difference between alpha and beta glucose? - Answer on carbon 1, alpha glucose has
an OH group on the bottom. beta glucose has it at the top.
how are monosaccharides joined together? - Answer condensation reaction between 2
OH groups
roles of water? - Answer -habitat, high shc so a lot of heat needs to be applied before
evaporation due to hydrogen bonds. ice is less dense than water so floats up
-solvent, dipolar so separate solutes by charge depending on partial charge. solute
dissolves in water, useful for cytoplasm, diffusion and active transport ect
-hydrostatic pressure, when pressurised, water provides a strong pushing force
particularly in mass flow. supports turgidity
-homeostasis, sweat on skin uses blood heat to evaporate, cooling individual. sweat is
made up of hydrogen bonds,stable structure, large amount of heat to evaporate.
LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION.
bond in carbohydrate? - Answer glycosidic
what are inorganic ions? - Answer salts or minerals
don't contain carbon
eg sodium and chloride ions
examples of disaccharides - Answer sucrose, lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose
(glucose + glucose)
kingdoms of biology? - Answer animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, protocista
animal and plant multicellular
others are microorganisms
viruses aren't living
all organisms made up of cells
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic - Answer eukaryotic - membrane bound organelles eg.
nucleus
prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles, smaller ribosomes
formula for disaccharides? - Answer c12h22o11
what are the 2 forms of reproduction? - Answer sexual- 2 parents each provide gamete
which fuse to make zygote which develops into organism
asexual- one parent to produce genetically identical offspring
how are polymers separated? - Answer hydrolysis (addition of water)
how does a zygote develop into an organism? - Answer stem cell, undifferentiated
divides by mitosis to make more stem cells
, AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY
each cell differentiates into specialised
each specialised divides by mitosis to make tissues
different tissues for organ, and so on
what is a polysaccharide? - Answer many monosaccharides joined together by
condensation reaction/glycosidic bonds.
structure of nucleus? - Answer contains DNA wrapped around histones to form
chromatin
double membrane called nuclear envelope with pores
nucleolus produces ribosomes and mRNA
nucleoplasm contains chromatin
examples of polysaccharides - Answer -amylose, long chain of alpha glucose, makes
starch/glycogen
-cellulose, long chain of beta glucose
properties of starch and glycogen as energy stores? - Answer -insoluble, doesn't affect
water potential, cell won't shrink or burst
-coiled, compact, fits inside cells better
-branched/chained, easy to break down, glucose removed from the end
endoplasmic reticulum? - Answer rough- has ribosomes ,protein synthesis, process and
package
smooth- makes lipids and carbs
golgi apparatus? - Answer processes and packages proteins
into vesicles
digestive enzymes placed into lysozomes, vesicles with membranes
structure of cellulose? - Answer -beta glucose arranged in straight chain (each
alternative beta glucose rotated 180°)
-many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds, form microfibrils
-microfibrils crosslinked to make macrofibrils
-hydrogen bonds are strong together, hard to break,makes cellulose strong
-forms cell wall structure
mitochondria? - Answer site of respiration, produces ATP which releases energy
cristae- inner membrane has large surface area so more metabolic enzymes can attach
matrix- middle liquid
test for starch? - Answer iodine brown to blue/black
chloroplast structure? - Answer absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to produce
glucose
double membrane
what is RNA? - Answer ribonucleic acid
MRNA and TRNA
single stranded
shorter
AU CG
what are biological molecules? - Answer molecules made and used by living organisms
eg. lipids, carbs, DNA, AT, water, inorganic ions
what are the functions of carbohydrates? - Answer -energy source (respiration)
-energy store (starch and glycogen)
-structure (cellulose)
ATP structure? - Answer 1 adenosine 3 phosphates
ADP and energy= ATP
condensation reaction using ATP synthase
carries energy in bonds
hydrolysis breaks down into ADP and energy using ATP hydrolase
releases energy from phosphate group bonds
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates called? - Answer monosaccharides
why is ATP a good source of energy? - Answer immediate release, only need to break
one bond
releases small amounts of energy at a time, manageable
examples of monosaccharides - Answer glucose, fructose, galactose
uses of ATP? - Answer protein synthesis
organelle synthesis
dna replication
mitosis
active transport
metabolic reactions
movement
homeostasis
formula for monosaccharides? - Answer c6h12o6 -same formula but arranged
differently
role of water in biology? - Answer acts as a habitat for organisms
make up cytoplasm, tissue fluid, blood, xylem and phloem
water properties? - Answer dipolar
partially positive hydrogen partially negative oxygen
so separate water molecules form hydrogen bonds with eachother
,AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY
difference between alpha and beta glucose? - Answer on carbon 1, alpha glucose has
an OH group on the bottom. beta glucose has it at the top.
how are monosaccharides joined together? - Answer condensation reaction between 2
OH groups
roles of water? - Answer -habitat, high shc so a lot of heat needs to be applied before
evaporation due to hydrogen bonds. ice is less dense than water so floats up
-solvent, dipolar so separate solutes by charge depending on partial charge. solute
dissolves in water, useful for cytoplasm, diffusion and active transport ect
-hydrostatic pressure, when pressurised, water provides a strong pushing force
particularly in mass flow. supports turgidity
-homeostasis, sweat on skin uses blood heat to evaporate, cooling individual. sweat is
made up of hydrogen bonds,stable structure, large amount of heat to evaporate.
LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION.
bond in carbohydrate? - Answer glycosidic
what are inorganic ions? - Answer salts or minerals
don't contain carbon
eg sodium and chloride ions
examples of disaccharides - Answer sucrose, lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose
(glucose + glucose)
kingdoms of biology? - Answer animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, protocista
animal and plant multicellular
others are microorganisms
viruses aren't living
all organisms made up of cells
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic - Answer eukaryotic - membrane bound organelles eg.
nucleus
prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles, smaller ribosomes
formula for disaccharides? - Answer c12h22o11
what are the 2 forms of reproduction? - Answer sexual- 2 parents each provide gamete
which fuse to make zygote which develops into organism
asexual- one parent to produce genetically identical offspring
how are polymers separated? - Answer hydrolysis (addition of water)
how does a zygote develop into an organism? - Answer stem cell, undifferentiated
divides by mitosis to make more stem cells
, AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY
each cell differentiates into specialised
each specialised divides by mitosis to make tissues
different tissues for organ, and so on
what is a polysaccharide? - Answer many monosaccharides joined together by
condensation reaction/glycosidic bonds.
structure of nucleus? - Answer contains DNA wrapped around histones to form
chromatin
double membrane called nuclear envelope with pores
nucleolus produces ribosomes and mRNA
nucleoplasm contains chromatin
examples of polysaccharides - Answer -amylose, long chain of alpha glucose, makes
starch/glycogen
-cellulose, long chain of beta glucose
properties of starch and glycogen as energy stores? - Answer -insoluble, doesn't affect
water potential, cell won't shrink or burst
-coiled, compact, fits inside cells better
-branched/chained, easy to break down, glucose removed from the end
endoplasmic reticulum? - Answer rough- has ribosomes ,protein synthesis, process and
package
smooth- makes lipids and carbs
golgi apparatus? - Answer processes and packages proteins
into vesicles
digestive enzymes placed into lysozomes, vesicles with membranes
structure of cellulose? - Answer -beta glucose arranged in straight chain (each
alternative beta glucose rotated 180°)
-many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds, form microfibrils
-microfibrils crosslinked to make macrofibrils
-hydrogen bonds are strong together, hard to break,makes cellulose strong
-forms cell wall structure
mitochondria? - Answer site of respiration, produces ATP which releases energy
cristae- inner membrane has large surface area so more metabolic enzymes can attach
matrix- middle liquid
test for starch? - Answer iodine brown to blue/black
chloroplast structure? - Answer absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to produce
glucose
double membrane
