NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide

NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions) 1. EDEMA Increased capillary permeability 2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA -Cardiac dysrhythmias 3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios) -produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland -Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone -Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia -Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may cause spontaneous fractures. 4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis) -Excess hydrogen ions -Decrease in serum pH -Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution) ****Effects of Acidosis Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem: -Impaired nervous system function -Headache -Lethargy -Weakness -Confusion -Coma and death -Compensation -Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations) -Secretion of urine with a low pH 5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation happens) -Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions) 1. TEARS -nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier 2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE -body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend 3. ICE AND EDEMA -Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema