TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
Chapter No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Review of Literature 5
3 Materials and Methods 17
4 Results 30
5 Discussions 65
6 Summary 68
Reference 70
i
, Abstract
Salinization is the accumulation of water soluble salts in the soil at a level that affects
agricultural production, economic welfare and environmental health. In Pakistan, salinity
is the most severe environmental problem of the country, prompted by human-induced
soil erosion and mismanagement of numerous agricultural practices. Owing to salinity,
pea (Pisum sativum) production may be limited. The objective of this research is to
evaluating the salt tolerance of the pea and to compare the effects of normal soil and
saline soil on production of pods, seed, and leaf mineral composition by using organic
amendments. To increase nutrient delivery process, crop growth and productivity under
saline condition by using biochar and animal manure. A factorial CRD experiment will be
conducted to check the pea response by using biochar and animal manure on growth and
yield under different levels of salinity having EC control, 4 and 8 dS m -1. Treatment plan
will be comprised of eighteen treatments of different grouping of biochar, normal animal
manure and processed animal manure on normal and saline soil. Biochar and animal
manure will be used at the rate of 1% (w/w). Azad P-1 pea variety will be used as plant
material. Three replications will be used and completely randomized design (CRD) will
be followed. All physiological, biochemical and agronomic parameters will be recorded
by following standard procedures. Data which recorded will be analyzed statistically by
analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique (Statistic 8.1).
ii
,Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Pea (Pisum sativum) is a major dietary plant for humans. The seeds composed of 17-20%
dry matter with a carbohydrate content of 10.1 to 12 percent and protein content of 5-8%.
Pea is used as fresh, cold or preserved vegetables. 1-6°C is the lowest temp value for the
growth of pea, and it may also continue at low temp up to 5°C. Pea can cultivate in
different soils but high growth and production may be gained in the soil which are
slightly acidic (6.52-7.1), humid, profound and productive soils. Maximum vegetative
growth can be achieved in creative and clay loam soil but other than yield grain yield of
pea reduces. Furthermore pea plant can utilize water and plant nutrition from distinct
layers of layers rise soil organic matter. It therefore gives higher yields compared to
warm-dry areas in cold humid regions. Pea can absorb nitrogen (50.2-150.3 kg ha -1) from
the air as a legume crop (Ozdemir et al., 2009).
Global populace will upsurge (9.6 billion by 2050) therefore it is essential to
enhance food assemblage within few decades. Tactlessly, soil salinity converts the
productive land into marginal land. Globally 15.1 % of total land area has been tainted
due to soil erosion and salt accumulation in soil as these are foremost sources of
denuding. Soil salinity and sodicity pretentious approximately 106 × 397 and 106×
434ha, of total world land. Arid and semi-arid areas have mostly salinity and water stress
problems due to less rainfall and high evaporation and transpiration. Salt accrues in soil
surface layers because of low discharge of salts in these areas. Crop growth, Safety of
food decreased and properties of soil harmfully effected by high salt concentration in soil
(Diacono et al., 2015).
Soil salinity is expected to affect the world more vigorously and extensively in coming
years. Increasing land salinization is also associated with increasing salinity in water
resources (MacFarlane and Williamson, 2002). Soil salinity changes the fertile land to
unproductive land, which ultimately results in economic loss. Irrigation of soils is directly
proportional to decrease in soil salinity (Cetin and Kirda, 2003). Soil salinity is the most
severe factor that affects the growth of plants. Soil salinity when combined with boron
toxicity is found to be most vigorous in actions against growth of plants (Ibekwe et al.,
2010).
1
, Soil salinity is becoming a crucial hazard for agriculture industry and sustainable
development of the country. Soil salinity not only reduces the crop yield but lands are
also rapidly disappearing from cultivation. Salinity and water logging have adverse social
and economic effects, i.e. approximately 16 million people have been directly impacted
by these provocations in Pakistan. According to FAO 2005, 11.2 million hectares are salt
affected in Pakistan. Salinity is the addition of soluble salts in the upper part of a soil
profile which include soil A and B horizons to a degree that effect on the agriculture. If
the electrical conductivity of a soil saturation extract (ECe) is above 4 dS m -1, it is called
saline soil. (Rengasamy, 2006).
Ions that contribute to soil salinity include Cl-, S042-, HC03-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and,
rarely, N03- or K+. The salts of these ions occur in highly variable concentrations and
proportions. They may be indigenous, but more commonly they are brought into an area
in the irrigation water or in waters draining from adjacent areas. Natural drainage is often
so poorly developed in arid regions that salts collect in inland basins rather than being
discharged to the sea. Saline soils contain soluble salts in quantities that affect plant
growth adversely, the lower limit for a saline soil being set conventionally at an electrical
conductivity of 4 mmho/cm in the soil saturation extract (75). Actually, sensitive plants
are affected at half this salinity, and highly tolerant ones at about twice this salinity (8).
Sodic soils contain excess exchangeable sodium with, by definition, 15% or more of the
cation exchange sites of the soil occupied by Na+ (75). Plants sensitive to sodium are,
however, affected at lower exchangeable sodium percentages. Sodic soils may be either
nonsaline or saline (Bernstein 1975).
In the soil, low exchangeable sodium and high quantities of soluble salts at the
exchange sites may lead to poor and mottled plant growth and also inhibit plant
development, thereby reducing yield. Cultivation of salt affected and unproductive soils is
essential to fulfill the challenges of worldwide food security (Biswas et al., 2019).
High salt levels in the soil can often seriously limit agricultural production and
soil growth. The main contributing factors of this issue are dry and semiarid zone and the
salt load on the irrigation water. The saline soil can have several adverse effects on plant
vegetative and reproductive stag. These effects can be caused by soil solution's low
osmotic potential, specific ion effects, discrimination of nutrients or a combined effect of
all these factors (Ashraf, 1994).
Some changes are take place in the photosynthesis of crops which are cultivated in
saline soils. When soil salinity rose by the use of saltwater, water consumption of pea
2
Title Page No.
Chapter No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Review of Literature 5
3 Materials and Methods 17
4 Results 30
5 Discussions 65
6 Summary 68
Reference 70
i
, Abstract
Salinization is the accumulation of water soluble salts in the soil at a level that affects
agricultural production, economic welfare and environmental health. In Pakistan, salinity
is the most severe environmental problem of the country, prompted by human-induced
soil erosion and mismanagement of numerous agricultural practices. Owing to salinity,
pea (Pisum sativum) production may be limited. The objective of this research is to
evaluating the salt tolerance of the pea and to compare the effects of normal soil and
saline soil on production of pods, seed, and leaf mineral composition by using organic
amendments. To increase nutrient delivery process, crop growth and productivity under
saline condition by using biochar and animal manure. A factorial CRD experiment will be
conducted to check the pea response by using biochar and animal manure on growth and
yield under different levels of salinity having EC control, 4 and 8 dS m -1. Treatment plan
will be comprised of eighteen treatments of different grouping of biochar, normal animal
manure and processed animal manure on normal and saline soil. Biochar and animal
manure will be used at the rate of 1% (w/w). Azad P-1 pea variety will be used as plant
material. Three replications will be used and completely randomized design (CRD) will
be followed. All physiological, biochemical and agronomic parameters will be recorded
by following standard procedures. Data which recorded will be analyzed statistically by
analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique (Statistic 8.1).
ii
,Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Pea (Pisum sativum) is a major dietary plant for humans. The seeds composed of 17-20%
dry matter with a carbohydrate content of 10.1 to 12 percent and protein content of 5-8%.
Pea is used as fresh, cold or preserved vegetables. 1-6°C is the lowest temp value for the
growth of pea, and it may also continue at low temp up to 5°C. Pea can cultivate in
different soils but high growth and production may be gained in the soil which are
slightly acidic (6.52-7.1), humid, profound and productive soils. Maximum vegetative
growth can be achieved in creative and clay loam soil but other than yield grain yield of
pea reduces. Furthermore pea plant can utilize water and plant nutrition from distinct
layers of layers rise soil organic matter. It therefore gives higher yields compared to
warm-dry areas in cold humid regions. Pea can absorb nitrogen (50.2-150.3 kg ha -1) from
the air as a legume crop (Ozdemir et al., 2009).
Global populace will upsurge (9.6 billion by 2050) therefore it is essential to
enhance food assemblage within few decades. Tactlessly, soil salinity converts the
productive land into marginal land. Globally 15.1 % of total land area has been tainted
due to soil erosion and salt accumulation in soil as these are foremost sources of
denuding. Soil salinity and sodicity pretentious approximately 106 × 397 and 106×
434ha, of total world land. Arid and semi-arid areas have mostly salinity and water stress
problems due to less rainfall and high evaporation and transpiration. Salt accrues in soil
surface layers because of low discharge of salts in these areas. Crop growth, Safety of
food decreased and properties of soil harmfully effected by high salt concentration in soil
(Diacono et al., 2015).
Soil salinity is expected to affect the world more vigorously and extensively in coming
years. Increasing land salinization is also associated with increasing salinity in water
resources (MacFarlane and Williamson, 2002). Soil salinity changes the fertile land to
unproductive land, which ultimately results in economic loss. Irrigation of soils is directly
proportional to decrease in soil salinity (Cetin and Kirda, 2003). Soil salinity is the most
severe factor that affects the growth of plants. Soil salinity when combined with boron
toxicity is found to be most vigorous in actions against growth of plants (Ibekwe et al.,
2010).
1
, Soil salinity is becoming a crucial hazard for agriculture industry and sustainable
development of the country. Soil salinity not only reduces the crop yield but lands are
also rapidly disappearing from cultivation. Salinity and water logging have adverse social
and economic effects, i.e. approximately 16 million people have been directly impacted
by these provocations in Pakistan. According to FAO 2005, 11.2 million hectares are salt
affected in Pakistan. Salinity is the addition of soluble salts in the upper part of a soil
profile which include soil A and B horizons to a degree that effect on the agriculture. If
the electrical conductivity of a soil saturation extract (ECe) is above 4 dS m -1, it is called
saline soil. (Rengasamy, 2006).
Ions that contribute to soil salinity include Cl-, S042-, HC03-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and,
rarely, N03- or K+. The salts of these ions occur in highly variable concentrations and
proportions. They may be indigenous, but more commonly they are brought into an area
in the irrigation water or in waters draining from adjacent areas. Natural drainage is often
so poorly developed in arid regions that salts collect in inland basins rather than being
discharged to the sea. Saline soils contain soluble salts in quantities that affect plant
growth adversely, the lower limit for a saline soil being set conventionally at an electrical
conductivity of 4 mmho/cm in the soil saturation extract (75). Actually, sensitive plants
are affected at half this salinity, and highly tolerant ones at about twice this salinity (8).
Sodic soils contain excess exchangeable sodium with, by definition, 15% or more of the
cation exchange sites of the soil occupied by Na+ (75). Plants sensitive to sodium are,
however, affected at lower exchangeable sodium percentages. Sodic soils may be either
nonsaline or saline (Bernstein 1975).
In the soil, low exchangeable sodium and high quantities of soluble salts at the
exchange sites may lead to poor and mottled plant growth and also inhibit plant
development, thereby reducing yield. Cultivation of salt affected and unproductive soils is
essential to fulfill the challenges of worldwide food security (Biswas et al., 2019).
High salt levels in the soil can often seriously limit agricultural production and
soil growth. The main contributing factors of this issue are dry and semiarid zone and the
salt load on the irrigation water. The saline soil can have several adverse effects on plant
vegetative and reproductive stag. These effects can be caused by soil solution's low
osmotic potential, specific ion effects, discrimination of nutrients or a combined effect of
all these factors (Ashraf, 1994).
Some changes are take place in the photosynthesis of crops which are cultivated in
saline soils. When soil salinity rose by the use of saltwater, water consumption of pea
2
