List and describe the four ways to measure cardiac function. PAGE 228

List and describe the four ways to measure cardiac function. PAGE 228 Cardiac output the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute and depends on heart rate and stroke volume, the volume pumped from one ventricle in one contraction. Cardiac reserve the ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand. Preload the mechanical state of the heart at the end of diastole with the ventricles at their max volume. Afterload the force required to eject blood from the ventricles and is determined by the peripheral resistance to the opening of the semilunar valves. Describe the difference between arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis. PAGE 233-234 Arteriosclerosis: Degenerative changes in the small arteries and arterioles. “hardening of the arteries” Atherosclerosis: by the presence of atheroma, plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of large arteries. List the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. PAGE 235-237 Modifiable Non-modifiable Age Obesity Gender Cigarette smoking Genetics Sedentary lifestyle Presence of diabetes mellitus Poorly controlled hypertension Combination of some oral contraceptives Combination of high BP and high cholesterol What harmful effects does atherosclerosis have on the heart? What is angina pectoris? Describe the cause? PAGE 238 Angina, or chest pain, occurs when there is deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle. Occurs when the blood or oxygen supply to the myocardium is impaired, when the heart is working harder than usual and needs more oxygen, or a combination of both. List the three different patterns of angina pectoris & a causes for each. PAGE 238