Textbook of BRUNNER AND SUDDAETHS
Medical Surgical Nursinged Surg Exam (LATEST)
[Document subtitle]
[DATE]
[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]
,Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
, lOMoARcPSD|6828319
Med-Surg. Study Guide Exam 2
Chapter 37 - HIV/AIDS
KEY TERMS
• EIA (enzyme immunoassay): a blood test that can determine the presence of antibodies to HIV in the blood or
saliva; a variant of this test is called enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive results must be
validated, usually with Western blot test.
• HIV-1: retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of HIV disease
• HIV-2: retrovirus identified in 1986 in patients with AIDS in western Africa
• opportunistic infection: illness caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in people
with normal immune systems
• Kaposi’s sarcoma: malignancy that involves the epithelial layer of blood and lymphatic vessels
• wasting syndrome: involuntary weight loss consisting of both lean and fat body mass
• Western blot assay: a blood test that identifies antibodies to HIV and is used to confirm the results of an EIA or
ELISA test
What is HIV infection and AIDS
• The HIV antibody test, an enzyme immunoassay became available in 1984
allowing for early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms.
• Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men remain the population
most affected and account for 2% of the population but 61% of the new
infections.
• AIDS-related deaths dropped by 19% globally over the period from 2004 to
2009 alone; and 53% of pregnant women living with HIV had access to
antiretroviral medicines to prevent transmission of HIV to their infants
How is it transmitted
• Inflammation and breaks in the skin or mucosa result in the increased probability that
an HIV exposure will lead to infection.
• (HIV-1) is transmitted in body fluids (blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions,
amniotic fluid, and breast milk) that contain free virions and infected CD4+ T cells.
• Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 may occur in utero, at the time of delivery, or
through breast-feeding, but most perinatal infections are thought to occur after
exposure during delivery.
• HIV is not transmitted through casual contact
Risk factors
• Blood and blood products can transmit HIV to recipients.
• However, the risk associated with transfusions has been virtually eliminated as a result of voluntary self-deferral,
completion of a detailed health history, extensive testing, heat treatment of clotting factor concentrates, and more
effective virus inactivation methods
1
Medical Surgical Nursinged Surg Exam (LATEST)
[Document subtitle]
[DATE]
[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]
,Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
, lOMoARcPSD|6828319
Med-Surg. Study Guide Exam 2
Chapter 37 - HIV/AIDS
KEY TERMS
• EIA (enzyme immunoassay): a blood test that can determine the presence of antibodies to HIV in the blood or
saliva; a variant of this test is called enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive results must be
validated, usually with Western blot test.
• HIV-1: retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of HIV disease
• HIV-2: retrovirus identified in 1986 in patients with AIDS in western Africa
• opportunistic infection: illness caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in people
with normal immune systems
• Kaposi’s sarcoma: malignancy that involves the epithelial layer of blood and lymphatic vessels
• wasting syndrome: involuntary weight loss consisting of both lean and fat body mass
• Western blot assay: a blood test that identifies antibodies to HIV and is used to confirm the results of an EIA or
ELISA test
What is HIV infection and AIDS
• The HIV antibody test, an enzyme immunoassay became available in 1984
allowing for early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms.
• Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men remain the population
most affected and account for 2% of the population but 61% of the new
infections.
• AIDS-related deaths dropped by 19% globally over the period from 2004 to
2009 alone; and 53% of pregnant women living with HIV had access to
antiretroviral medicines to prevent transmission of HIV to their infants
How is it transmitted
• Inflammation and breaks in the skin or mucosa result in the increased probability that
an HIV exposure will lead to infection.
• (HIV-1) is transmitted in body fluids (blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions,
amniotic fluid, and breast milk) that contain free virions and infected CD4+ T cells.
• Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 may occur in utero, at the time of delivery, or
through breast-feeding, but most perinatal infections are thought to occur after
exposure during delivery.
• HIV is not transmitted through casual contact
Risk factors
• Blood and blood products can transmit HIV to recipients.
• However, the risk associated with transfusions has been virtually eliminated as a result of voluntary self-deferral,
completion of a detailed health history, extensive testing, heat treatment of clotting factor concentrates, and more
effective virus inactivation methods
1
