Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Study Guide
Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Study Guide – this is a list of concepts that you need to
make sure you know inside and out for the next exam. Good luck on your exam!
Chapter 1 – The Human Body: An Orientation
Topics of Anatomy & Physiology
o Anatomy – study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one
another
o Physiology – function of the body
Examples of anatomy:
o Cytology – study of cells
o Histology – study of tissues
Examples of physiology:
Complementarity of Structure and Function – function depends on anatomy
Level of structural organization
1. Chemical – includes atoms and molecules
2. Cellular (smallest units of living things) – includes organelles
3. Tissue – four major types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
4. Organ – contains two or more types of tissue that perform a common function
5. Organ system – contains several organs that work together to perform a common
function
6. Organismal – most complex organizational level and sum of all structural levels
working together
Necessary life functions and examples of each:
o Maintaining boundaries – separates the internal environment from the external
environment; cell membrane or skin
o Movement – activities promoted by the muscular system
o Responsiveness/irritability – ability to sense changes in the environment and
respond to them
o Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules so that they
can be absorbed into the blood
o Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body:
▪ Anabolism – synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler
substances
▪ Catabolism – breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
o Excretion – process of removing wastes
o Reproduction – occurs on both the cellular and organismal level
o Growth – increase in size due to an increase in the number of cells
Survival needs – nutrients – used for energy and cell building, oxygen – needed to break
down nutrients, water – single most abundant chemical substance in the body, normal
body temperature – needed in order to maintain the correct speed of metabolic
reactions, and appropriate atmospheric pressure – necessary for proper breathing and
gas exchange
Levels of Structural Organization – atoms (part of the chemical level), molecules (part of
the chemical level), organelle, cells (part of the cellular level), tissue, organs of the body
(part of the organ level), organ system, humans (part of the organismal level)
o Chemical level
o Cellular level – smallest unit of living things
1
, Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Study Guide
o Tissue level – group of cells and materials that work together to perform
a particular function
o Organ level – group of tissues and the materials that work together to perform a
particular function
o Organ system – group of organs that perform a common function (be sure that
you know the function of each organ system and the major organs in those
systems)
▪ Integumentary – contain the skin to form the external body covering,
protect deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and houses
cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
▪ Skeletal – protects and supports body organs, provides framework the
muscles use to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones
(process of hematopoiesis), bones store minerals
▪ Muscular – manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expression; maintains posture and produces heat
▪ Nervous – releases nerve impulses that control muscles, glands, etc.
Contains brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
▪ Endocrine – contains glands that secrete hormones which regulate life
processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism)
by body cells
Contains following glands: pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus,
adrenal pancreas, testis, ovary
▪ Cardiovascular – contains heart and blood vessels; blood vessels
transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes,
etc.
Contains heart and blood vessels
▪ Lymphatic/Immune – picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. Houses
white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune
response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Contains thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph
nodes, red bone marrow
▪ Respiratory – keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide; gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of air sacs
of the lungs
Contains nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
▪ Digestive – breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
for distribution to body cells. Indigestive foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces.
Contains oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
▪ Urinary – eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates
water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Contains kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
▪ Reproductive
2
Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Study Guide – this is a list of concepts that you need to
make sure you know inside and out for the next exam. Good luck on your exam!
Chapter 1 – The Human Body: An Orientation
Topics of Anatomy & Physiology
o Anatomy – study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one
another
o Physiology – function of the body
Examples of anatomy:
o Cytology – study of cells
o Histology – study of tissues
Examples of physiology:
Complementarity of Structure and Function – function depends on anatomy
Level of structural organization
1. Chemical – includes atoms and molecules
2. Cellular (smallest units of living things) – includes organelles
3. Tissue – four major types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
4. Organ – contains two or more types of tissue that perform a common function
5. Organ system – contains several organs that work together to perform a common
function
6. Organismal – most complex organizational level and sum of all structural levels
working together
Necessary life functions and examples of each:
o Maintaining boundaries – separates the internal environment from the external
environment; cell membrane or skin
o Movement – activities promoted by the muscular system
o Responsiveness/irritability – ability to sense changes in the environment and
respond to them
o Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules so that they
can be absorbed into the blood
o Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body:
▪ Anabolism – synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler
substances
▪ Catabolism – breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
o Excretion – process of removing wastes
o Reproduction – occurs on both the cellular and organismal level
o Growth – increase in size due to an increase in the number of cells
Survival needs – nutrients – used for energy and cell building, oxygen – needed to break
down nutrients, water – single most abundant chemical substance in the body, normal
body temperature – needed in order to maintain the correct speed of metabolic
reactions, and appropriate atmospheric pressure – necessary for proper breathing and
gas exchange
Levels of Structural Organization – atoms (part of the chemical level), molecules (part of
the chemical level), organelle, cells (part of the cellular level), tissue, organs of the body
(part of the organ level), organ system, humans (part of the organismal level)
o Chemical level
o Cellular level – smallest unit of living things
1
, Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Study Guide
o Tissue level – group of cells and materials that work together to perform
a particular function
o Organ level – group of tissues and the materials that work together to perform a
particular function
o Organ system – group of organs that perform a common function (be sure that
you know the function of each organ system and the major organs in those
systems)
▪ Integumentary – contain the skin to form the external body covering,
protect deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and houses
cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
▪ Skeletal – protects and supports body organs, provides framework the
muscles use to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones
(process of hematopoiesis), bones store minerals
▪ Muscular – manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expression; maintains posture and produces heat
▪ Nervous – releases nerve impulses that control muscles, glands, etc.
Contains brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
▪ Endocrine – contains glands that secrete hormones which regulate life
processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism)
by body cells
Contains following glands: pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus,
adrenal pancreas, testis, ovary
▪ Cardiovascular – contains heart and blood vessels; blood vessels
transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes,
etc.
Contains heart and blood vessels
▪ Lymphatic/Immune – picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. Houses
white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune
response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Contains thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph
nodes, red bone marrow
▪ Respiratory – keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide; gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of air sacs
of the lungs
Contains nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
▪ Digestive – breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
for distribution to body cells. Indigestive foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces.
Contains oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
▪ Urinary – eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates
water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Contains kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
▪ Reproductive
2
