RBT Initial Competency Assessment 2020 (+ ABA Vocab Review)

RBT Initial Competency Assessment 2020 (+ ABA Vocab Review) Continuous Measurement ans: Recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed period. Continuous measurement is conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period. Response Class ans: A group of responses with the same function. What are the different types of continuous measurement in ABA? ans: Frequency, Duration, Latency, IRT What is frequency recording? ans: Count (how many times a behavior occurs). What's an example of frequency recording? ans: Tommy taps his pencil 10 times. Frequency = 10. What is duration recording? ans: Length (how long response lasts). What's an example of duration recording? ans: Tommy wanders the room for 30 minutes. Duration = 30 minutes. What is latency recording? ans: Time from onset of a stimulus to start of a response. What is an example of latency recording? ans: Stimulus: "sit down". Response: client begins to sit down after 20 seconds. Latency = 20 seconds. What is the difference between duration and latency recording? ans: Latency is how long it takes to start the behavior and duration is how long the behavior lasts. What is IRT (inter-response time) recording? ans: The time between the end of one response and the start of another response What is discontinuous measurement? ans: Recording only some instances of behavior at predetermined intervals. What is partial interval recording? ans: Recording the occurrence or non-occurrence of a behavior (not length or number of times of behavior, just whether it occurred or not). What is an example of partial interval recording? ans: You are observing behavior during a five minute interval to see whether a client raises their hand. Three minutes in, client raises their hand. You mark that behavior was observed during the interval. What is whole interval recording? ans: Records whether the behavior occurred the ENTIRE TIME during the interval. What is an example of whole interval recording? ans: You are observing whether a client stays in their seat. If at any time during the five minute interval, they get out of their seat, you mark "no". If they stay in their seat the ENTIRE TIME, you mark "yes". You are not recording instances of a behavior, but rather whether the behavior occurred for the DURATION of the interval. What is momentary time sampling? ans: Recording behavior during a moment in time. What's an example of momentary time sampling? ans: You are observing behavior to see whether a child throws their pencil. At the end of every five minute interval, you record whether the behavior is occurring at that very moment. What is the difference between momentary time sampling and partial interval recording? ans: In partial interval recording, you mark whether the behavior occurred AT ALL during the short observation interval. In momentary time sampling, you look up immediately at pre-designated points in time and notice whether the behavior is occurring at that precise moment. What is a preference assessment? ans: A preference assessment is a method to identify highly preferred items or actions that can be used as reinforcers. What are some different types of preference assessments? ans: Multiple Stimulus without Replacement, Multiple Stimulus with Replacement, paired stimulus, single stimulus, and free operant What is a multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment? ans: In this assessment, the client is presented with an array of items (this is a "trial"). The client is allowed to choose one item. After playing with that item, it is removed from the group and the array is presented again. The trials continue until all items have been removed. Theoretically, the items chosen during the first trials are the most preferred items. What is a multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW) preference assessment? ans: In this assessment, the client is presented with an array of items and allowed to choose one. The item that is chosen is kept while all other items are replaced with new items. This trial repeats until a set number of trials has been reached, or all items have been used. The items chosen the most should be the most preferred items. What is a paired stimulus preference assessment? ans: In this assessment, the client is presented with a pair of items and allowed to choose one. This trial is repeated with new combinations until every object has been paired with every other object. The items selected the most during these trials should be the most preferred items. What is a single stimulus preference assessment? ans: In this assessment, the client is presented with one item at a time. These trials continue until the client consistently rejects items, or all items have been presented. The items that are interacted with the longest or not rejected should be the most preferred items. What is a free operant preference assessment? ans: Naturalistic: Client is observed interacting organically with their environment; for example, a teacher may observe a client at a free play station for a set period of time. Contrived: A predetermined number of items are placed within sight and reach of the child. What is discrete trial teaching (DTT)? ans: In this technique, a skill is broke down into small, "discrete" pieces that are taught to the client. What is an example of discrete trial teaching (DTT)? ans: Goal: for client to identify the colors "blue" and "red" by pointing to a blue and red card. 1. A blue and red card are placed in front of client. Client is asked to point to "red". 2. A blue and red card are placed in front of client. Client is asked to point to "blue". What is naturalistic teaching? ans: This teaching involves "learning through play" and takes advantage of intrinsically motivating items and materials in the natural environment (school, store, house, etc.). Look for "teachable moments" when you see a child is particularly excited or interested in something in the environment. Reinforcement is embedded in tasks - example: the child learns to say "juice" and gets a sip of juice. What are a few of the most common naturalistic teaching strategies? ans: Incidental Teaching, Pivotal Response Training, and Natural Language Paradigm What is chaining? ans: This term refers to a method of teaching a behavior using behavior chains - sequences of individual behaviors that when linked together form a terminal behavior. Task analyses are performed before creating the behavior chain to determine what smaller steps form the terminal behavior. What are the different types of chaining? ans: Forward and Backward chaining What is shaping? ans: This is a process used in teaching in which a behavior or skill is gradually taught by differentially reinforcing (reinforcing positive behavior only) successive approximations of a desired skill (behaviors related to those desired, that gradually become more identical to the actual desired skill). Steps: (1) Choose and define target behavior, (2) Determine the student's present level of performance with the skill, (3) List all the steps to the target behavior, (4) Start teaching the target behavior with the first step listed (5) When the reinforced behavior occurs reliably, the shaper puts that behavior on extinction and reinforces only a closer approximation to the target. This continues until the target behavior is reached. What is an example of shaping? ans: Goal: for client to request an item by saying its name. Jack loves to roll a ball. This interest to teach Jack to mand (request) by saying "ball". First, we teach Jack to say the first sound in ball, /b/. When Jack makes the /b/ sound, we roll him the ball and praises him enthusiastically. If he says any other vocalization other than /b/, we does not roll him the ball. After Jack is successfully says the sound to request the ball across multiple days, we increase the difficulty of the task and teach him to say, "ba" in order to request the ball. We continue to reinforce successive approximations to the word "ball" as we roll the ball to Jack. What is discrimination training? ans: This type of training is a "generalized skill". With a generalized skill, we're teaching a skill that, once learned, can be applied to different targets and environments. When a student learns to discriminate, it can be applied to discriminating receptive labels, verbal instructions, objects, pictures, etc. What is an example of discrimination training? ans: Mandy wants to go outside. The verbal prompt of "get your shoes" is delivered, but Mandy gets a cup instead. If she were to bring her shoes, we would put them on and deliver reinforcement by going outside. What is stimulus control transfer? ans: Prompts are discontinued once the target behavior is being displayed in the presence of the discriminative stimulus (SD). Prompt fading and prompt delay are used. What is an example of stimulus control transfer? ans: A child says cup in the presence of the echoic prompt, "Say 'cup.'" If a picture of a cup plus "What is that?" is then presented, the echoic prompt is faded, and the child comes to say cup in the presence of the picture of the cup (nonverbal stimulus) In this scenario, transfer of stimulus control from echoic (say "cup") to tact variables (picture of cup) has been demonstrated. How do you implement a token system? ans: (1) Identify the target behavior(s) - you can choose up to 3, (2) Define the behavior in terms of the behavior you want to see more often, (3) Choose a backup reinforcer, (4) Select a token, (5) Determine how many tokens must be earned, (6) Decide how to track tokens. What's an example of IRT? ans: Screaming ends. 3 hours later, screaming begins again. IRT = 30 minutes. What is incidental teaching? ans: In this type of teaching, a child is prompted to communicate about a reinforcing item in their natural environment; ie, a game, activity, etc. The client uses items that a child is excited about or interested in to prompt conversation/communication. What is pivotal response training? ans: Considers the things that are "pivotal" to a child's behavior - what is motivating, how they respond (or don't respond) to social interaction, how they manage (or don't manage) their own feelings and behaviors. The idea is to address the cause of behaviors rather than just the individual behaviors themselves. The end result is to bring about change in problem behaviors, without making those problem behaviors the actual focus of the therapy. What is natural language paradigm? ans: Technique that is deal for children who are mostly non-verbal. Therapist and the child might sit face to face and the therapist will offer the child a choice of three items or activities. The child picks an item. The therapist then models correct play and how to say words that identify or describe the selected item. The child gets to play with the item and then the item is removed. The therapist then prompts the child to repeat the word and the item is returned.