Pharmacology-Final-Exam-Review ALL ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT SPRING FALL-2022 LATEST SOLUTION
GUARANTEED GRADE A+
Nursing Process & Drug Therapy
• In a prescription what must you have:
o name of the med
o route- (no route call the Dr. and verify it)
o date/time
o dose
o time/frequency of med
o Dr. signature
• If you don’t understand the prescription:
o hold med & call the Dr.
• Types of meds that cannot be crushed:
o Enteric coated (EC)
o Long acting (extended release)
o Sustained action (SA)
o Sustained Release (SR)
▪ If crushed it loses the effect, it will also dissolve sooner than it is supposed to
increasing toxicity. DO NOT CRUSH!!
• Do a pre assessment:
o What medications is the patient taking
o Baseline of medication
o Allergies
o OTC meds currently taking
o If taking Digoxin- check the Apical HR (60-100); if HR less than 60 CANNOT give
Digoxin; also check Digoxin level & K+ (if K+ level is high, it decreases the effect of
Digoxin; if the potassium level is low, increases the effect of Digoxin)
o For Beta Blockers- check if pulse is less than 60 (If less than 60 do not give beta
blocker), after the med is given you always Assess
o Diuretics- always give in the A.M (check K+ level, electrolyte levels, vital signs *mostly
BP, weight the pt, intake/output of pt)
• Purpose of 9 rights of drug administration:
o to avoid medication error of OD (Safety of drug administration)
o right med, right time, right patient, right dose, right to refuse, right route, right
documentation, right reason, & right response to med
o use 2 identifiers to check pt
,o read medication level 3 times!
o newborn-check the mother’s identifier/older children-check the parent’s identifiers
, o elderly- 2 identifiers; if confused (do not ask pt for the name)
o give med 30 min before or 30 min after the due time (right time)
o TID: 3 times/day; BID: 2 times/day; QID: 4 times/day; DO NOT use QD (write the word
Daily)
• Pharmacokinetics:
o What the body does to the drug
o Four Principles of Pharmacokinetics:
▪ Absorption (Route) depends on the site:
• Parenteral goes 1st because- it bypasses 1st pass effect, so it has a
bioavailability of 100%, IV has more effect than oral
• Oral: has the 1st pass effect, the bioavailability is 80%
• Sublingual: under the tongue because of increase in vascularity
bypasses the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability
• Buccal: between the cheeks & the upper/lower molar & rotate, with
vascularity you also will bypass the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability
▪ Distribution- also depends on the site (high/more vascularity = more
distribution of the med)
• Plasma protein affects distribution of meds (Albumin)
• Albumin meds are highly protein bound so it attaches to the receptor
& once attached they remain in the bloodstream & the rest of meds
are free to go
• 2 meds together compete & can cause toxicity
▪ Metabolism AKA (Biotransformation)- the main organ is the Liver
• Is the process by which the body inactivates drugs
• If you have liver problems- higher chances of toxicity because
medication cannot be broken down
• Elderly & Newborns are at higher risk due to immature liver
▪ Excretion- the main organ is the Kidney
• If patient has renal failure cannot excrete the drugs so higher chances
of toxicity to occur; also newborns have immature kidneys so they as
well are at higher risk of toxicity
o Half-Life of a Drug:
▪ Is the time required for 1 half of the medication to be removed from the body
• EX: 800mg, half-life is every 8 hrs. Within 24 hrs. how much of the drug
will be left/remain? 1st half life is 400; 2nd is 200; 3rd is 100 so the half-life
is 100
o Pharmacodynamics:
• Is what the drug does to the body
• Can have receptor on receptor binding
• It can have enzymes- it can break down or enhance the effect (agonist
action- mimics receptor actions, so it binds to it)
CORRECT SPRING FALL-2022 LATEST SOLUTION
GUARANTEED GRADE A+
Nursing Process & Drug Therapy
• In a prescription what must you have:
o name of the med
o route- (no route call the Dr. and verify it)
o date/time
o dose
o time/frequency of med
o Dr. signature
• If you don’t understand the prescription:
o hold med & call the Dr.
• Types of meds that cannot be crushed:
o Enteric coated (EC)
o Long acting (extended release)
o Sustained action (SA)
o Sustained Release (SR)
▪ If crushed it loses the effect, it will also dissolve sooner than it is supposed to
increasing toxicity. DO NOT CRUSH!!
• Do a pre assessment:
o What medications is the patient taking
o Baseline of medication
o Allergies
o OTC meds currently taking
o If taking Digoxin- check the Apical HR (60-100); if HR less than 60 CANNOT give
Digoxin; also check Digoxin level & K+ (if K+ level is high, it decreases the effect of
Digoxin; if the potassium level is low, increases the effect of Digoxin)
o For Beta Blockers- check if pulse is less than 60 (If less than 60 do not give beta
blocker), after the med is given you always Assess
o Diuretics- always give in the A.M (check K+ level, electrolyte levels, vital signs *mostly
BP, weight the pt, intake/output of pt)
• Purpose of 9 rights of drug administration:
o to avoid medication error of OD (Safety of drug administration)
o right med, right time, right patient, right dose, right to refuse, right route, right
documentation, right reason, & right response to med
o use 2 identifiers to check pt
,o read medication level 3 times!
o newborn-check the mother’s identifier/older children-check the parent’s identifiers
, o elderly- 2 identifiers; if confused (do not ask pt for the name)
o give med 30 min before or 30 min after the due time (right time)
o TID: 3 times/day; BID: 2 times/day; QID: 4 times/day; DO NOT use QD (write the word
Daily)
• Pharmacokinetics:
o What the body does to the drug
o Four Principles of Pharmacokinetics:
▪ Absorption (Route) depends on the site:
• Parenteral goes 1st because- it bypasses 1st pass effect, so it has a
bioavailability of 100%, IV has more effect than oral
• Oral: has the 1st pass effect, the bioavailability is 80%
• Sublingual: under the tongue because of increase in vascularity
bypasses the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability
• Buccal: between the cheeks & the upper/lower molar & rotate, with
vascularity you also will bypass the 1st pass effect 100% bioavailability
▪ Distribution- also depends on the site (high/more vascularity = more
distribution of the med)
• Plasma protein affects distribution of meds (Albumin)
• Albumin meds are highly protein bound so it attaches to the receptor
& once attached they remain in the bloodstream & the rest of meds
are free to go
• 2 meds together compete & can cause toxicity
▪ Metabolism AKA (Biotransformation)- the main organ is the Liver
• Is the process by which the body inactivates drugs
• If you have liver problems- higher chances of toxicity because
medication cannot be broken down
• Elderly & Newborns are at higher risk due to immature liver
▪ Excretion- the main organ is the Kidney
• If patient has renal failure cannot excrete the drugs so higher chances
of toxicity to occur; also newborns have immature kidneys so they as
well are at higher risk of toxicity
o Half-Life of a Drug:
▪ Is the time required for 1 half of the medication to be removed from the body
• EX: 800mg, half-life is every 8 hrs. Within 24 hrs. how much of the drug
will be left/remain? 1st half life is 400; 2nd is 200; 3rd is 100 so the half-life
is 100
o Pharmacodynamics:
• Is what the drug does to the body
• Can have receptor on receptor binding
• It can have enzymes- it can break down or enhance the effect (agonist
action- mimics receptor actions, so it binds to it)
