Tentamen Minor PD
Theorie
Motor control:
Closed & open loop control:
Closed loop model & closed loop control
- Tracking test
o Labyrinth (doolhof)
Open loop model & open loop control
- Reaction task
- Stay in track
Keywoords that you have to know and explain:
- Feedback – feedforward
- Open loop – closed loop
- Ballistic – discrete – continuous – movement time
- Intrinsic feedback – extrinsic feedback
- Motor program – force scaling
- Muscle initiation
- Accuracy – speed/ velocity
Two different models of controlling actions.
- Closed loop models (thermostat model)
o Based on feedback control
- Open loop models (telephone model)
o Based on feedforward control
Information processing
- Closed loop model
o Based on feedback control
Black box model:
,White box model:
,Reaction times in closed loop system:
- M1: 30 – 50 ms
o Shortest loop – monosynaptic
- M2: 50 – 80 ms
o Longer loop – polysynaptic
- M3: voluntary reaction – time response:
o 120 – 180 ms
o Longest loop
M1 response
- Monosynaptic stretch reflex
- (Muscle spindle reflex)
Goal
- Remaining actual muscle length/ posture –
- (‘’Hold your limb in this position’’)
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord –
- Single connection – directly back to
- Same muscle
Effect
- Increasing contraction – stiffness
Characteristics
- Sensory: muscle length & tension
- Involuntary – non-conscious – automatic
- No choices – not flexible
, M2 response
- Polysynaptic, functional stretch reflex
Goal
- Small adjustments to movements: ‘’Let go, relax’’
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord – ascends too higher
- Levels brain – (motor cortex/ cerebellum) –
- Processing information – spinal cord – activation muscles
Effect
- Depending on the task: limb in new position or remaining same position
Characteristics
- Sensory information muscle force & length joint position & body position
- Involuntary – automatic – non-conscious
- Sensible for instruction: ‘’let go – relax- (i.e., in kneejerk reflex) – little choices – poor
flexibility
M3 response
- Voluntary reaction – time response:
Goal
- Making adaptations in relation to task & environment
Route
- All levels in model
Effect
- Depending on task & environment
Characteristics
- Most flexible response
- Affects all body muscles
- Depending of task & circumstance
- Involves anticipation of sensory information
- Depends on decision making processes
o Complexity of the task
o Number of stimulus-response alternatives.
Theorie
Motor control:
Closed & open loop control:
Closed loop model & closed loop control
- Tracking test
o Labyrinth (doolhof)
Open loop model & open loop control
- Reaction task
- Stay in track
Keywoords that you have to know and explain:
- Feedback – feedforward
- Open loop – closed loop
- Ballistic – discrete – continuous – movement time
- Intrinsic feedback – extrinsic feedback
- Motor program – force scaling
- Muscle initiation
- Accuracy – speed/ velocity
Two different models of controlling actions.
- Closed loop models (thermostat model)
o Based on feedback control
- Open loop models (telephone model)
o Based on feedforward control
Information processing
- Closed loop model
o Based on feedback control
Black box model:
,White box model:
,Reaction times in closed loop system:
- M1: 30 – 50 ms
o Shortest loop – monosynaptic
- M2: 50 – 80 ms
o Longer loop – polysynaptic
- M3: voluntary reaction – time response:
o 120 – 180 ms
o Longest loop
M1 response
- Monosynaptic stretch reflex
- (Muscle spindle reflex)
Goal
- Remaining actual muscle length/ posture –
- (‘’Hold your limb in this position’’)
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord –
- Single connection – directly back to
- Same muscle
Effect
- Increasing contraction – stiffness
Characteristics
- Sensory: muscle length & tension
- Involuntary – non-conscious – automatic
- No choices – not flexible
, M2 response
- Polysynaptic, functional stretch reflex
Goal
- Small adjustments to movements: ‘’Let go, relax’’
Route
- Muscle spindle – spinal cord – ascends too higher
- Levels brain – (motor cortex/ cerebellum) –
- Processing information – spinal cord – activation muscles
Effect
- Depending on the task: limb in new position or remaining same position
Characteristics
- Sensory information muscle force & length joint position & body position
- Involuntary – automatic – non-conscious
- Sensible for instruction: ‘’let go – relax- (i.e., in kneejerk reflex) – little choices – poor
flexibility
M3 response
- Voluntary reaction – time response:
Goal
- Making adaptations in relation to task & environment
Route
- All levels in model
Effect
- Depending on task & environment
Characteristics
- Most flexible response
- Affects all body muscles
- Depending of task & circumstance
- Involves anticipation of sensory information
- Depends on decision making processes
o Complexity of the task
o Number of stimulus-response alternatives.
