Structure and Function of the Body: Chapter 1

Structure and Function of the Body: Chapter 1 Scientific Method ans: 1. Hypothesis 2. Experiment 3.Theory or Law Hypothesis ans: Idea or principle to be tested in experiments Experiment ans: Series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences Theory or Law ans: A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence Levels of Organization ans: 1. Atoms and molecules 2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Systems 6. Organism Atoms and Molecules ans: Chemical level Cells ans: The smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals Tissues ans: Organizations of similar cells Organs ans: Organizations of different kinds of tissues Systems ans: Organizations of many different kinds of organs Organism ans: Organization of all systems together, forming a whole body Anatomical Position ans: Reference position in which the body stands erect with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. This position gives meaning to directional terms. Superior ans: Toward the head, upper, above Inferior ans: Toward the feet, lower, below Anterior ans: Front, in front of AKA Ventral Posterior ans: Back, in back of AKA Dorsal Medial ans: Toward the mid-line Lateral ans: Away from the mid-line or toward the side of a structure Proximal ans: Toward or nearest the trunk Distal ans: Away from or farthest away from the trunk Superficial ans: Nearer the body surface Deep ans: Farther away from the body surface Sagittal Plane ans: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections Midsagittal Plane ans: Divides body into two equal halves Frontal Plane ans: AKA Coronal Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections Transverse Plane ans: Horizontal plane that divides into upper and lower sections Oblique Plane ans: Any plane that is not parallel to any of the other planes which produces a slanted section Dorsal Cavities ans: Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity Cranial Cavity ans: Contains brain Spinal Cavity ans: Contains spinal cord Ventral Cavities ans: Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic Cavity ans: Contains Mediastinum and Pleural cavities Mediastinum ans: Midportion of Thoracic cavity Contains heart and trachea Pleural Cavities ans: Right lung is located in right pleural cavity Left lung is located in left pleural cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity ans: Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity Abdominal contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen Pelvic containts reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine Abdominopelvic Quadrants ans: 1. Right Upper/Superior 2. Left Upper/Superior 3. Right Lower/Inferior 4. Left Lower/Inferior Abdominopelvic Regions ans: 1. Right hypochondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondria 4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar 7. Right iliac 8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac Axial Region ans: Contains head, neck, and torso/trunk Appendicular Region ans: Upper and lower extremeties Body Regions ans: Body structure and function vary among individuals and also throughout an individual's life span; atrophy (decrease in size) occurs when an Organ is not used Balance of Body Functions ans: Survival of the individual and of the genes that make up the body is the utmost importance Homeostasis ans: Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis. Relative constancy of the internal environment Feedback Loops ans: The body uses stabilizing negative feedback loops and amplifying positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis Involves sensor, control center, and an effector Negative Feedback Loops ans: Very common ie. Sweating when you've just worked out Positive Feedback Loops ans: Occurs during rare occasions ie. Giving birth