Study Guide for Statewide APHY101 Online Midterm Exam
NOTE: The midterm exam will pull:
40 questions from Chapters 1, 2, and 3 combined,
16 questions from Ch. 4,
19 questions from Ch. 5, &
25 questions from Ch. 6.
Chapter 1
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology?
1. Anatomy – “a cutting up” examines the structures, or morphology, of body parts their forms &
organization
2. “ Relationship to nature” considers the functions of the body parts what they do & how they do it
Name and define the levels of organization of life?
Simplest to most complex
1. Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
Define metabolism.
1. Physiological events that obtain,release, & use energy are largely part of metabolism of all the
chemical reactions in an organism that support life
Define homeostasis? How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?
1. Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as
maintained by physiological process
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms?
2. Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind
of stimulus. Often it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize
the system. This can be referred to as homeostatis, as in biology, or equilibrium, as in mechanics
Know the locations of the major body cavities. Be familiar with major organs within each cavity.
2. Cranial Cavity
3. Spinal Cavity
4. Pleural Cavity
5. Pleural Cavity
6. Diaphragm
7. Abdominal Cavity
8. Pelvic Cavity
Describe the structure of a serous membrane?
1. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer
underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat
nucleated cells (simple squamous epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid
(Referring to section 7) What are signs of aging at the cellular level?
What is meant by Anatomical Position?
1. The body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side and head, eyes, and palms of
hands facing forward
Page
, *Know the meaning of the common anatomical terms presented in the textbook for relative position (such
as medial vs. lateral, proximal vs. distal, etc.).
2. Superior – above, over
3. Inferior – below, under
4. Medial – toward the side, away from midline
5. Proximal – near, closer to the origin
6. Distal – away from, farther from the origin
7. Superficial – more external
8. Deep – more internal
9. Sagittal plane – vertical plane through body, divides right from left
10. Midsagittal – sagittal plane that divides body into equal left & right regions
11. Parasagittal plane – divides body into unequal right & left regions
12. Frontal plane/Coronal plane – divided anterior & posterior region
13. Transverse – horizontal plane, divides midsection into superior & inferior regions
Chapter 2
Explain why Chemistry is an important part of the study of Physiology.
1. Chemistry is important to this study because physiological responses in the body are are
controlled by chemical reactions, everything form thinking, to muscle contraction to
digestion is controlled by chemical reactions and signals
Define atom, element, molecule, and compound.
2. Atom – smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of an element
3. Element 0 simplest examples of matter with specific chemical properties
4. Molecule – 2 or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particles
5. Compound – 2 or more separate elements
Name the bulk elements of the human body.
1. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
What do Atomic Number and Atomic Weight of an atom represent?
2. Element is equal to the number of protons in each atom
3. Equal to the number of protons plus the # of neutrons in each atom
Define ion? How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion?
1. An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
2. Molecule with extra electrons has a negative charge
Define isotope?
1. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights
Distinguish between types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, & Reversible.
2. Synthesis : Large molecules build up from smaller ones
3. Decomposition: Molecules break down; and exchange reactions
Page
NOTE: The midterm exam will pull:
40 questions from Chapters 1, 2, and 3 combined,
16 questions from Ch. 4,
19 questions from Ch. 5, &
25 questions from Ch. 6.
Chapter 1
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology?
1. Anatomy – “a cutting up” examines the structures, or morphology, of body parts their forms &
organization
2. “ Relationship to nature” considers the functions of the body parts what they do & how they do it
Name and define the levels of organization of life?
Simplest to most complex
1. Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
Define metabolism.
1. Physiological events that obtain,release, & use energy are largely part of metabolism of all the
chemical reactions in an organism that support life
Define homeostasis? How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?
1. Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as
maintained by physiological process
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms?
2. Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind
of stimulus. Often it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize
the system. This can be referred to as homeostatis, as in biology, or equilibrium, as in mechanics
Know the locations of the major body cavities. Be familiar with major organs within each cavity.
2. Cranial Cavity
3. Spinal Cavity
4. Pleural Cavity
5. Pleural Cavity
6. Diaphragm
7. Abdominal Cavity
8. Pelvic Cavity
Describe the structure of a serous membrane?
1. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer
underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat
nucleated cells (simple squamous epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid
(Referring to section 7) What are signs of aging at the cellular level?
What is meant by Anatomical Position?
1. The body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side and head, eyes, and palms of
hands facing forward
Page
, *Know the meaning of the common anatomical terms presented in the textbook for relative position (such
as medial vs. lateral, proximal vs. distal, etc.).
2. Superior – above, over
3. Inferior – below, under
4. Medial – toward the side, away from midline
5. Proximal – near, closer to the origin
6. Distal – away from, farther from the origin
7. Superficial – more external
8. Deep – more internal
9. Sagittal plane – vertical plane through body, divides right from left
10. Midsagittal – sagittal plane that divides body into equal left & right regions
11. Parasagittal plane – divides body into unequal right & left regions
12. Frontal plane/Coronal plane – divided anterior & posterior region
13. Transverse – horizontal plane, divides midsection into superior & inferior regions
Chapter 2
Explain why Chemistry is an important part of the study of Physiology.
1. Chemistry is important to this study because physiological responses in the body are are
controlled by chemical reactions, everything form thinking, to muscle contraction to
digestion is controlled by chemical reactions and signals
Define atom, element, molecule, and compound.
2. Atom – smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of an element
3. Element 0 simplest examples of matter with specific chemical properties
4. Molecule – 2 or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particles
5. Compound – 2 or more separate elements
Name the bulk elements of the human body.
1. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
What do Atomic Number and Atomic Weight of an atom represent?
2. Element is equal to the number of protons in each atom
3. Equal to the number of protons plus the # of neutrons in each atom
Define ion? How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion?
1. An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
2. Molecule with extra electrons has a negative charge
Define isotope?
1. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights
Distinguish between types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, & Reversible.
2. Synthesis : Large molecules build up from smaller ones
3. Decomposition: Molecules break down; and exchange reactions
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