Assignment 3 Weight: 5%
Minimum Pass Grade: 50% Each question is worth 10 marks. 1.
Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as
specific as possible.
1. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which
catalyzes the conversion of metabolically produced CO2 and
water into carbonic acid.
2.Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and
destroyed by cells called machrophages, as they rupture passing
through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the spleen,
liver and red bone marrow.
3.Undifferentiated cells called stem cells reside in the bone
marrow, where they continuously divide and differentiate to give
rise to each of the types of blood cells.
4.The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary walls to
exit the vasculature is known as diapedesis. Once they leave the
bloodstream to fight a pathological condition, they never return
5.The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens
found on the surface of an erythrocyte are called agglutinogens,
and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood
type B has type O blood.
6.During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the
cardiac fibers are specialized for the function called contraction,
whereas the remainder is specialized for inherent and rhythmical
electrical activity (Autorhythmic) .
7. The action potential delay at the AV node ensures that atrial
excitation and contraction are complete before ventricular
excitation and contraction commence.
8.The end systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the
ventricle after ejection has been completed. An increase of this
volume occurs when the stroke volume is decreased.
9.The three cations, K+, Ca2+, and Na+ have an important effect of
heart function. Increased blood levels of Na+ blocks Ca2+ inflow
, and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an
excess of K+ blocks the generation of action potentials.
10. An increase in parasympathetic activity stimulation has the
following effect on stroke volume: decreases stroke volume; an
increase in parasympathetic activity weakens atrial contractility.
2. A patient has the misfortune to have both diabetes insipidus and
Addison’s disease. How will those conditions affect the patient’s ability
to regulate blood pressure?
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary and helps to decrease
urine production. This means that in response to increased ADH
levels, there will be more water returned to the blood by the kidney. In
the absence of ADH urine output increases more than tenfold. ADH
also decreases the amount of water lost through sweating.
Consitriction of the arterioles also happens which will increase the
blood pressure. Hyposecretion, meaning little secretion of ADH can
cause dibetes insipidus, which can disrupt homestatic imbalances.
Diabetes insipidus is caused through dysfunction of the posterior
pituitary. There is defects in the ADH receptors, or an inability to
secrete ADH. There is neurogenic diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic.
Neurogenuc can be caused by a brain tumor, or head trauma than
causes damage to the posterior pituitary, where nephtogenic is when
the kidneys don't respond to ADH. This can be caused by kidney
damage, or dysfunctional ADH receptors. Symptoms will include
excretion of large urine volumes. This can cause dehydration. With
blood volume decreasing, blood pressure (hypotension) can result.
ADH works to raise low blood pressure.
Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure.
Produced in the adrenal glands' cortex, it tells the kidney and colon to
send more sodium into the blood and to release more K+ in the urine.
Aldosterone will also cause reabsorbtion of water from the urine.
When the sodium is put back into the blood stream, the water sort of
, tags along. Blood volume will be increased and blood pressure will be
increased. When the body suffers blood loss, or there is low blood
pressure/blood volume, renin causes angiotensin, which causes
aldosterone to be released. These three hormones operate through a
negative feedback loop that works to maintain blood pressure and
homeostasis. This means that Aldosterone helps raise low blood
pressure to normal. Addison's disease causes hyposecretion of
Aldosterone. Many of the cases are autoimmune disorders in which
antibodies cause adrenal cortex destruction or block binding of ACTH
to it's receptors. Pathogens can be a cause. Loss of aldosterone cause
elevated K+ in the blood and a loss of sodium. Low blood pressure and
dehydration result.
Both diseases cause low blood pressure as two of the important
hormones that work to increase blood pressure and maintain
homeostasis are being hyposecreted. The person in with both diseases
will have extremely low blood pressure, low blood volume, low cardiac
output, dehydration, and low electrolytes among many other
symptoms. The patient will lose the ability to regulate blood pressure.
3. In the correct sequence, list the names of the blood vessels and
heart’s chambers that an RBC would travel through (or flow into
other vessels) on its journey from the muscles located anterior to
the right tibia to the heart, then to the left shoulder muscles, and
then back to the heart. Take in consideration only the vessels
listed in the Study Guide.
Veins in the lower limbs have many more valves than veins in the
upper limbs. Starting in the Anterior tibial vein, which collects
deoxygenated blood from the muscles located anterior to the
right tibia, the red blood cell will flow through the right popliteal
vein to the right femoral vein to the right external iliac vein to the
right common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava to the right
atrium. The inferior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from
veins posterior to the diaphragm. The inferior vena cava is the
largest vein in the body (3.5 cm) in diameter. The RBC will go
from the inferior vena cava into the superior part of the right
atrium, into the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right
ventricle pumps blood through into the pulmonic valve, and into
Minimum Pass Grade: 50% Each question is worth 10 marks. 1.
Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as
specific as possible.
1. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which
catalyzes the conversion of metabolically produced CO2 and
water into carbonic acid.
2.Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and
destroyed by cells called machrophages, as they rupture passing
through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the spleen,
liver and red bone marrow.
3.Undifferentiated cells called stem cells reside in the bone
marrow, where they continuously divide and differentiate to give
rise to each of the types of blood cells.
4.The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary walls to
exit the vasculature is known as diapedesis. Once they leave the
bloodstream to fight a pathological condition, they never return
5.The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens
found on the surface of an erythrocyte are called agglutinogens,
and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood
type B has type O blood.
6.During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the
cardiac fibers are specialized for the function called contraction,
whereas the remainder is specialized for inherent and rhythmical
electrical activity (Autorhythmic) .
7. The action potential delay at the AV node ensures that atrial
excitation and contraction are complete before ventricular
excitation and contraction commence.
8.The end systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the
ventricle after ejection has been completed. An increase of this
volume occurs when the stroke volume is decreased.
9.The three cations, K+, Ca2+, and Na+ have an important effect of
heart function. Increased blood levels of Na+ blocks Ca2+ inflow
, and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an
excess of K+ blocks the generation of action potentials.
10. An increase in parasympathetic activity stimulation has the
following effect on stroke volume: decreases stroke volume; an
increase in parasympathetic activity weakens atrial contractility.
2. A patient has the misfortune to have both diabetes insipidus and
Addison’s disease. How will those conditions affect the patient’s ability
to regulate blood pressure?
ADH is released from the posterior pituitary and helps to decrease
urine production. This means that in response to increased ADH
levels, there will be more water returned to the blood by the kidney. In
the absence of ADH urine output increases more than tenfold. ADH
also decreases the amount of water lost through sweating.
Consitriction of the arterioles also happens which will increase the
blood pressure. Hyposecretion, meaning little secretion of ADH can
cause dibetes insipidus, which can disrupt homestatic imbalances.
Diabetes insipidus is caused through dysfunction of the posterior
pituitary. There is defects in the ADH receptors, or an inability to
secrete ADH. There is neurogenic diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic.
Neurogenuc can be caused by a brain tumor, or head trauma than
causes damage to the posterior pituitary, where nephtogenic is when
the kidneys don't respond to ADH. This can be caused by kidney
damage, or dysfunctional ADH receptors. Symptoms will include
excretion of large urine volumes. This can cause dehydration. With
blood volume decreasing, blood pressure (hypotension) can result.
ADH works to raise low blood pressure.
Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure.
Produced in the adrenal glands' cortex, it tells the kidney and colon to
send more sodium into the blood and to release more K+ in the urine.
Aldosterone will also cause reabsorbtion of water from the urine.
When the sodium is put back into the blood stream, the water sort of
, tags along. Blood volume will be increased and blood pressure will be
increased. When the body suffers blood loss, or there is low blood
pressure/blood volume, renin causes angiotensin, which causes
aldosterone to be released. These three hormones operate through a
negative feedback loop that works to maintain blood pressure and
homeostasis. This means that Aldosterone helps raise low blood
pressure to normal. Addison's disease causes hyposecretion of
Aldosterone. Many of the cases are autoimmune disorders in which
antibodies cause adrenal cortex destruction or block binding of ACTH
to it's receptors. Pathogens can be a cause. Loss of aldosterone cause
elevated K+ in the blood and a loss of sodium. Low blood pressure and
dehydration result.
Both diseases cause low blood pressure as two of the important
hormones that work to increase blood pressure and maintain
homeostasis are being hyposecreted. The person in with both diseases
will have extremely low blood pressure, low blood volume, low cardiac
output, dehydration, and low electrolytes among many other
symptoms. The patient will lose the ability to regulate blood pressure.
3. In the correct sequence, list the names of the blood vessels and
heart’s chambers that an RBC would travel through (or flow into
other vessels) on its journey from the muscles located anterior to
the right tibia to the heart, then to the left shoulder muscles, and
then back to the heart. Take in consideration only the vessels
listed in the Study Guide.
Veins in the lower limbs have many more valves than veins in the
upper limbs. Starting in the Anterior tibial vein, which collects
deoxygenated blood from the muscles located anterior to the
right tibia, the red blood cell will flow through the right popliteal
vein to the right femoral vein to the right external iliac vein to the
right common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava to the right
atrium. The inferior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from
veins posterior to the diaphragm. The inferior vena cava is the
largest vein in the body (3.5 cm) in diameter. The RBC will go
from the inferior vena cava into the superior part of the right
atrium, into the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right
ventricle pumps blood through into the pulmonic valve, and into
