Aschwanden - Multiple research is better, don’t trust one research.
2015 - Science can lead to flaw results
- Don’t do lineair research, but circulair
Guba 1990 The Paradigm Dialog: Matrix with positivism, post-positivism and
constructivism.
Kuhn Kuhn’s paradigm theory: There are multiple ways to look at an
1962 objective/method/theory
New paradigms are made when the observations don’t fit in the old
paradigms.
Kahneman Kahneman talks about two different thinking systems. The first
2011 systeem is the fast thinking system (2+2). The second system is
the slow real thinking system (14*187).
Watts 2011 Why social sciences seem obvious and why it is actually not. The
differences between social- and natural sciences.
Barrowman The confusing issue of correlation vs. causation.
2014
When numbers or research are statistically significant, that does
Smith 2017 not mean it is true
Bernstein Chinese workers behind curtains example. Bernstein illustrates how
2012 in one paper different types of research methods can be combined
and integrated .
Nelson 2016 The sciences are different and the differences matter.
Don’t look directly at the most logical case.
Ariely 2008 Lego bionicles experiment
Whetten Argues theory consists of 4 elements (prediction is not an element)
1989
,(lesson 7) ● What (factors i the theory)
● How (how the factors are related)
(optional) ● Why (explanation of underlying dynamics)
● Who, where when (boundary conditions)
Carney 2016 Power poses. Example of bad science.
Werner “What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our
Heisenberg method of questioning.”
(lesson 9.
slide 20) → Explained: Due to the manner of questioning our nature
what we observe can be different.
(optional)
AMJ Editorial on a more advanced level the challenges a research design can
2011 have, when trying to answer the given research question.
Research textbook chapter with overview of 4 research design and their
Design 2001 strengths and weaknesses
Resnik & Misconduct versus Honest Error and Scientific Disagreement
Stewart 2012
, Watts 2011 (lesson 1): Why everything that seems obvious isn’t
- Why does everything seem obvious in the social sciences? (slide 62)
1. Familiar; We are all part of a social world where we know things about. We all
have some familiarity with management, economics, unemployment etc. This is
different compared to natural sciences where atoms and black holes are studied.
2. Humans after-rationalize; If we always had to make predictions about
outcomes before we knew them it would be very difficult. But because we
typically only try to explain cause and effect after we know the outcome, we are
never forced to learn this lesson.
3. Common sense has answers to everything; We are almost always in the easy
position of picking and choosing from our wide selection of common-sense
statements about the world to come up with something that sounds like what we
now know to be true. It is always possible to construct an account of what did
happen that not only makes sense, but sounds like a causal explanation.
- Why is everything not obvious after all? (slide 63)
1. Complex world; Social phenomena are about collections of individuals such as
groups, crowds, organisations, markets etc. All of these collections of individuals
interact with each other and change over time. As a result social systems show
‘emergent’ behaviour, meaning that the behaviour at one scale of the system is not
easily traced by behaviour of the system below. For example a company can have a
highly stable identity and culture while the employees who work in the company can
change completely over time due to the firing and hiring of employees.
2. Self-reflexive; Humans are capable of changing their perception of the world and
their behavior and targets.
3. The most important thing never happened; If someone had legislated that all pilot
doors have to be bulletproof and locked 9-11 had been avoided. But at the same
time no one would have known that it would have made such a big impact.
- How are the natural- and social sciences different? (watts 2011 p31)
Physics has made tremendous progress precisely by studying physical phenomena
that take place at different scales in relative isolation. But these tricks do not work in
social science. Unlike in physics essentially every problem of interest with social
science requires to consider events, agents and forces across multiple scales
simultaneously. The decisions of corporations or even governments, for example,
may be affected disproportionately by the personal interests of a handful of
executives. Or the behaviour of individuals is powerfully constrained by the corporate
or political culture to which they belong.
2015 - Science can lead to flaw results
- Don’t do lineair research, but circulair
Guba 1990 The Paradigm Dialog: Matrix with positivism, post-positivism and
constructivism.
Kuhn Kuhn’s paradigm theory: There are multiple ways to look at an
1962 objective/method/theory
New paradigms are made when the observations don’t fit in the old
paradigms.
Kahneman Kahneman talks about two different thinking systems. The first
2011 systeem is the fast thinking system (2+2). The second system is
the slow real thinking system (14*187).
Watts 2011 Why social sciences seem obvious and why it is actually not. The
differences between social- and natural sciences.
Barrowman The confusing issue of correlation vs. causation.
2014
When numbers or research are statistically significant, that does
Smith 2017 not mean it is true
Bernstein Chinese workers behind curtains example. Bernstein illustrates how
2012 in one paper different types of research methods can be combined
and integrated .
Nelson 2016 The sciences are different and the differences matter.
Don’t look directly at the most logical case.
Ariely 2008 Lego bionicles experiment
Whetten Argues theory consists of 4 elements (prediction is not an element)
1989
,(lesson 7) ● What (factors i the theory)
● How (how the factors are related)
(optional) ● Why (explanation of underlying dynamics)
● Who, where when (boundary conditions)
Carney 2016 Power poses. Example of bad science.
Werner “What we observe is not nature itself, but nature exposed to our
Heisenberg method of questioning.”
(lesson 9.
slide 20) → Explained: Due to the manner of questioning our nature
what we observe can be different.
(optional)
AMJ Editorial on a more advanced level the challenges a research design can
2011 have, when trying to answer the given research question.
Research textbook chapter with overview of 4 research design and their
Design 2001 strengths and weaknesses
Resnik & Misconduct versus Honest Error and Scientific Disagreement
Stewart 2012
, Watts 2011 (lesson 1): Why everything that seems obvious isn’t
- Why does everything seem obvious in the social sciences? (slide 62)
1. Familiar; We are all part of a social world where we know things about. We all
have some familiarity with management, economics, unemployment etc. This is
different compared to natural sciences where atoms and black holes are studied.
2. Humans after-rationalize; If we always had to make predictions about
outcomes before we knew them it would be very difficult. But because we
typically only try to explain cause and effect after we know the outcome, we are
never forced to learn this lesson.
3. Common sense has answers to everything; We are almost always in the easy
position of picking and choosing from our wide selection of common-sense
statements about the world to come up with something that sounds like what we
now know to be true. It is always possible to construct an account of what did
happen that not only makes sense, but sounds like a causal explanation.
- Why is everything not obvious after all? (slide 63)
1. Complex world; Social phenomena are about collections of individuals such as
groups, crowds, organisations, markets etc. All of these collections of individuals
interact with each other and change over time. As a result social systems show
‘emergent’ behaviour, meaning that the behaviour at one scale of the system is not
easily traced by behaviour of the system below. For example a company can have a
highly stable identity and culture while the employees who work in the company can
change completely over time due to the firing and hiring of employees.
2. Self-reflexive; Humans are capable of changing their perception of the world and
their behavior and targets.
3. The most important thing never happened; If someone had legislated that all pilot
doors have to be bulletproof and locked 9-11 had been avoided. But at the same
time no one would have known that it would have made such a big impact.
- How are the natural- and social sciences different? (watts 2011 p31)
Physics has made tremendous progress precisely by studying physical phenomena
that take place at different scales in relative isolation. But these tricks do not work in
social science. Unlike in physics essentially every problem of interest with social
science requires to consider events, agents and forces across multiple scales
simultaneously. The decisions of corporations or even governments, for example,
may be affected disproportionately by the personal interests of a handful of
executives. Or the behaviour of individuals is powerfully constrained by the corporate
or political culture to which they belong.
