BIO 235 midterm 1
CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship
among them Physiology – The science of body functions – how
body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules
atoms → smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals)
- smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human
body Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste, makes vit D, detects
sensations (warmth, pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body
movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities, detects changes in bodys
internal and external environment, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus,
thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood
from endocrine gland to target organ)
,BIO 235 midterm 1
Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2
and waste
,BIO 235 midterm 1
away from cells, regulates acid-base balance, temp and water content of body fluids, blood helps defend
against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System and immunity
- COMPONENTS → lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry
out immune responses)
- FUNCTIONS → returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood,
site for B and T cell maturation (protect against disease causing microbes)
Respiratoy System
- COMPONENTS → lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
- FUNCTIONS → transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 vice versa, regulates acid-base balance
of body fluids, produces sound through vocal cords
Digestive System
- COMPONENTS → organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large
intestine, anus) and accessory organs that assist in digestion (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas)
- FUNCTIONS → physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system
- COMPONENTS → kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- FUNCTIONS → produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical
composition of blood, maintains acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, regulates
production of red blood cells
Reproductive Systems
- COMPONENTS → gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, male: epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis)
- FUNCTIONS → gonads produce gametes (sperm/oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonads
release hormones that regulate reproduction, associated organs transport and store gametes,
mammary glands produce milk
Basic Life processes of Human Body (6)
Metabolism
- sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
- two phases:
- catabolism → breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
- anabolism → building up complex chemical substances
Responsiveness
- bodys ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement
- motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells
Growth
- Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, increase in number of cells,
or both
Differentiation
- development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state
- stem cells (precursor cells) can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Reproduction
- formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's
many regulatory processes
- important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining volume and composition of body fluids
- intracellular fluid (ICF) → fluid within cells
- extracellular fluid (ECF) → fluid outside the body cells
- interstitial fluid → ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
How stress affects homeostasis
psychological stresses in our social environment cause homeostatic imbalances that are mild and
temporary in most cases and the body cells quickly restore balance in the internal environment through
, BIO 235 midterm 1
negative feedback systems
Feedback Systems
CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship
among them Physiology – The science of body functions – how
body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules
atoms → smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals)
- smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human
body Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste, makes vit D, detects
sensations (warmth, pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body
movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities, detects changes in bodys
internal and external environment, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus,
thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood
from endocrine gland to target organ)
,BIO 235 midterm 1
Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2
and waste
,BIO 235 midterm 1
away from cells, regulates acid-base balance, temp and water content of body fluids, blood helps defend
against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System and immunity
- COMPONENTS → lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry
out immune responses)
- FUNCTIONS → returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood,
site for B and T cell maturation (protect against disease causing microbes)
Respiratoy System
- COMPONENTS → lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
- FUNCTIONS → transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 vice versa, regulates acid-base balance
of body fluids, produces sound through vocal cords
Digestive System
- COMPONENTS → organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large
intestine, anus) and accessory organs that assist in digestion (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas)
- FUNCTIONS → physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system
- COMPONENTS → kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- FUNCTIONS → produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical
composition of blood, maintains acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, regulates
production of red blood cells
Reproductive Systems
- COMPONENTS → gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, male: epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis)
- FUNCTIONS → gonads produce gametes (sperm/oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonads
release hormones that regulate reproduction, associated organs transport and store gametes,
mammary glands produce milk
Basic Life processes of Human Body (6)
Metabolism
- sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
- two phases:
- catabolism → breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
- anabolism → building up complex chemical substances
Responsiveness
- bodys ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement
- motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells
Growth
- Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, increase in number of cells,
or both
Differentiation
- development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state
- stem cells (precursor cells) can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Reproduction
- formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's
many regulatory processes
- important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining volume and composition of body fluids
- intracellular fluid (ICF) → fluid within cells
- extracellular fluid (ECF) → fluid outside the body cells
- interstitial fluid → ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
How stress affects homeostasis
psychological stresses in our social environment cause homeostatic imbalances that are mild and
temporary in most cases and the body cells quickly restore balance in the internal environment through
, BIO 235 midterm 1
negative feedback systems
Feedback Systems
