BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
STATISTICS
GUIDE
,Inhoud
Data..............................................................................................................................................................3
Graphical descriptive techniques (CH3)........................................................................................................3
Cross-sectional data.................................................................................................................................3
Time-series data......................................................................................................................................3
Numerical descriptive techniques (CH4)......................................................................................................4
Measures of central location (mean median mode).................................................................................4
Measures of variabilities (variance standard deviation)..........................................................................4
Measures of relative standing (percentiles).............................................................................................5
Measures of linear relationship (covariance correlation)........................................................................5
Sampling distributions (CH9)........................................................................................................................6
Normal distribution..................................................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of the mean (μ)......................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of a proportion (p̂).................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of the difference between two means ( x̄1 – x̄2) ...................................................6
Estimation (CH10).........................................................................................................................................7
Concepts of estimation.............................................................................................................................7
The confidence interval estimator (Z).......................................................................................................7
..............................................................................................................................................................7
Selecting the sample size......................................................................................................................7
Hypothesis testing (CH11)............................................................................................................................9
Concepts of hypothesis testing.................................................................................................................9
The standardized test statistic (Z).............................................................................................................9
Inferences (CH12).......................................................................................................................................10
Statistical concepts.................................................................................................................................10
The test statistic of μ (T).........................................................................................................................10
The confidence interval estimator of μ (T).............................................................................................10
The test statistic of σ2 (X2).......................................................................................................................10
The confidence interval estimator of σ 2 (X2)...........................................................................................11
The test statistic of p̂ (Z).........................................................................................................................11
The confidence interval estimator of p̂ (Z).............................................................................................11
Inference 2 (CH13)......................................................................................................................................12
1
, Testing the population variances............................................................................................................12
The test statistic of μ1 – μ2 (T)...............................................................................................................12
................................................................................................................................................................12
The confidence interval estimator of μ1 – μ2 (T)....................................................................................13
Test statistic for μD (T)...........................................................................................................................13
Confidence interval estimator for μD (T)................................................................................................13
Chi-squared tests (CH15)............................................................................................................................14
Multinational concepts...........................................................................................................................14
The test statistic for 3 or more samples.................................................................................................14
Contingencies table...............................................................................................................................14
Nonparametric statistics (CH19).................................................................................................................15
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (Z)...................................................................................................................15
The sign test..........................................................................................................................................15
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test.....................................................................................................15
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (Rs)..........................................................................................16
2
STATISTICS
GUIDE
,Inhoud
Data..............................................................................................................................................................3
Graphical descriptive techniques (CH3)........................................................................................................3
Cross-sectional data.................................................................................................................................3
Time-series data......................................................................................................................................3
Numerical descriptive techniques (CH4)......................................................................................................4
Measures of central location (mean median mode).................................................................................4
Measures of variabilities (variance standard deviation)..........................................................................4
Measures of relative standing (percentiles).............................................................................................5
Measures of linear relationship (covariance correlation)........................................................................5
Sampling distributions (CH9)........................................................................................................................6
Normal distribution..................................................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of the mean (μ)......................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of a proportion (p̂).................................................................................................6
Sampling distribution of the difference between two means ( x̄1 – x̄2) ...................................................6
Estimation (CH10).........................................................................................................................................7
Concepts of estimation.............................................................................................................................7
The confidence interval estimator (Z).......................................................................................................7
..............................................................................................................................................................7
Selecting the sample size......................................................................................................................7
Hypothesis testing (CH11)............................................................................................................................9
Concepts of hypothesis testing.................................................................................................................9
The standardized test statistic (Z).............................................................................................................9
Inferences (CH12).......................................................................................................................................10
Statistical concepts.................................................................................................................................10
The test statistic of μ (T).........................................................................................................................10
The confidence interval estimator of μ (T).............................................................................................10
The test statistic of σ2 (X2).......................................................................................................................10
The confidence interval estimator of σ 2 (X2)...........................................................................................11
The test statistic of p̂ (Z).........................................................................................................................11
The confidence interval estimator of p̂ (Z).............................................................................................11
Inference 2 (CH13)......................................................................................................................................12
1
, Testing the population variances............................................................................................................12
The test statistic of μ1 – μ2 (T)...............................................................................................................12
................................................................................................................................................................12
The confidence interval estimator of μ1 – μ2 (T)....................................................................................13
Test statistic for μD (T)...........................................................................................................................13
Confidence interval estimator for μD (T)................................................................................................13
Chi-squared tests (CH15)............................................................................................................................14
Multinational concepts...........................................................................................................................14
The test statistic for 3 or more samples.................................................................................................14
Contingencies table...............................................................................................................................14
Nonparametric statistics (CH19).................................................................................................................15
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (Z)...................................................................................................................15
The sign test..........................................................................................................................................15
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test.....................................................................................................15
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (Rs)..........................................................................................16
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