Exam One Concept Review
Questions 1-11 Module One
Permeability: The ability for something to pass through a membrane. Allows it to pass through
(permeable)
Diffusion: The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in a solvent) from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis: The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area
of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Active Transport: The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area
of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
Phagocytosis: Endocytosis that involves solid particles. Also called cell eating.
Where does ATP come from? It is created inside the Mitochondria in our cells. Adenosine
triphosphate / main energy source for our body / created from food (glucose, proteins, fats) using
aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Define cell proliferation.: process that results in an increased number of cells and is defined by
the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation. Cell
proliferation is increased in tumors.
Ribosomes? Small particles found in the cytoplasm (free) or attached to the ER that are made of
rRNA and protein.
What happens? Aid in protein production on the RER and form polysomes (clusters of ribosomes
held together by messenger RNA).
Describe Endoplasmic reticulum.: Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell
that is a continuation or extension of the nucleus. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) contains
no ribosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes.
Describe the mitochondria. What does it produce?: produces ATP
Define homeostasis.: Equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this self-
regulating, give-and-take system responds to minor changes in the body’s status through
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and
return the body to its normal state.
What could alter homeostasis?: fluid loss/gain, acid/base balance, and electrolyte balance
What acts as a barrier?: Epithelial tissue, mucous membrane
What is the best protection?: skin
,Define the following:
Atrophy: cell size decreases) State that occurs because of decreased work demands on a cell.
When cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number.
Hypertrophy: (cell size increases) Condition in which cells increase in size in an attempt to meet
the body’s increased work demand. This change may be a result of normal or abnormal changes.
Hyperplasia: cell number inceases) An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This
increase occurs only in cells that have the ability to perform mitotic division, such as epithelial
cells.
Metaplasia: (cells are replaced) The process of one adult cell being replaced by another cell type.
Dysplasia: (cell mutation / can be seen in cancerous changes) The final cellular adaptation, in
which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance.
Ischemia: Decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ. It essentially strangles the tissue or organ
by limiting the supply of necessary nutrients and oxygen.
Necrosis: Cell Death) Death of most of all the cells in an organ or tissue due to damage as a
result of disease, injury, or lack of blood supply.
Gangrene: A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired
blood flow and bacterial invasion.
Define the following:
Neoplasm: (new growth / tumor) A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal
regulator processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a tumor.
Carcinogénesis: describe the 3 steps
Irritation (exposure of the cell to an event that causes DNA mutation) /
Promotion (mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote growth such as hormones)
Progression (tumor invades/metastizes(spreads)/and becomes resistant to drug therapies)
Benign vs. Malignant tumors
Benign: - Near-normal differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer
problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Benign cells are usually encapsulated and are unable to
metastasize.
Malignant: State of a tumor that is usually made up of undifferentiated nonfunctioning
cells that are reproducing rapidly. Malignant tumors often penetrate surrounding tissue and
spread to secondary sites.
Signs and symptoms of ealy detection.
anemia, cachexia, fatigue, infection, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and pain
, Define:
Cachexia: weakness and wasting of the body due to severe illness
Brief description of diagnostic procedures, and tumor grading.
Tumor grading: Tumors are graded on a scale from 1 to 4 with 1 being the most well
differentiated tumors. This means that they are less likely to cause serious problems as they are
more like the original tissue. Grade 4 are undifferentiated meaning they do not share any
characteristics with the underlying tissue.
Diagnostic procedures:
Mammogram /clinical breast exam/ self-breast exam – breast
Pap test – HPV and cervical cancer
Stool test/colonoscopy – colon colorectal cancer
PSA test / Prostate exam – prostate cancer
Intracellular fluid-define, contains what
Fluid found inside the cells.
Extracellular fluid-define, contains what
Fluid found outside the cells.
Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution-define
Hypertonic – (More solutes than solvent) An intravascular solution that has a higher
concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular compartment. Hypertonic solutions cause
fluid to shift from the intracellular space to the intravascular space.
hypotonic – (Less solutes than solvents) An intravascular solution that has a lower
concentration of solutes than that found in the intravascular compartment. Administration of
hypotonic solutions causes fluid to shift from the intravascular space to the intracellular space.
isotonic – (equal parts solutes and solvent) An intravascular solution that has
concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular compartment. Because of these
solute concentrations, isotonic solutions allow fluid to move equally between compartments.
Define:
Osmolarity
solute concentration
Osmosis
The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Fluid losses
urine, feces, insensible losses (sweat and tears) / fluid lost
Thirst mechanism
triggered by decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity (solute concentration)
Define fluid excess
Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are greater than the body’s needs.
Edema-causes of edema
Questions 1-11 Module One
Permeability: The ability for something to pass through a membrane. Allows it to pass through
(permeable)
Diffusion: The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in a solvent) from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis: The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area
of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Active Transport: The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area
of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
Phagocytosis: Endocytosis that involves solid particles. Also called cell eating.
Where does ATP come from? It is created inside the Mitochondria in our cells. Adenosine
triphosphate / main energy source for our body / created from food (glucose, proteins, fats) using
aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Define cell proliferation.: process that results in an increased number of cells and is defined by
the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation. Cell
proliferation is increased in tumors.
Ribosomes? Small particles found in the cytoplasm (free) or attached to the ER that are made of
rRNA and protein.
What happens? Aid in protein production on the RER and form polysomes (clusters of ribosomes
held together by messenger RNA).
Describe Endoplasmic reticulum.: Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell
that is a continuation or extension of the nucleus. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) contains
no ribosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes.
Describe the mitochondria. What does it produce?: produces ATP
Define homeostasis.: Equilibrium, balance, consistency, or stability. In the body, this self-
regulating, give-and-take system responds to minor changes in the body’s status through
compensation mechanisms. Compensation mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and
return the body to its normal state.
What could alter homeostasis?: fluid loss/gain, acid/base balance, and electrolyte balance
What acts as a barrier?: Epithelial tissue, mucous membrane
What is the best protection?: skin
,Define the following:
Atrophy: cell size decreases) State that occurs because of decreased work demands on a cell.
When cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number.
Hypertrophy: (cell size increases) Condition in which cells increase in size in an attempt to meet
the body’s increased work demand. This change may be a result of normal or abnormal changes.
Hyperplasia: cell number inceases) An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This
increase occurs only in cells that have the ability to perform mitotic division, such as epithelial
cells.
Metaplasia: (cells are replaced) The process of one adult cell being replaced by another cell type.
Dysplasia: (cell mutation / can be seen in cancerous changes) The final cellular adaptation, in
which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance.
Ischemia: Decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ. It essentially strangles the tissue or organ
by limiting the supply of necessary nutrients and oxygen.
Necrosis: Cell Death) Death of most of all the cells in an organ or tissue due to damage as a
result of disease, injury, or lack of blood supply.
Gangrene: A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired
blood flow and bacterial invasion.
Define the following:
Neoplasm: (new growth / tumor) A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal
regulator processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a tumor.
Carcinogénesis: describe the 3 steps
Irritation (exposure of the cell to an event that causes DNA mutation) /
Promotion (mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote growth such as hormones)
Progression (tumor invades/metastizes(spreads)/and becomes resistant to drug therapies)
Benign vs. Malignant tumors
Benign: - Near-normal differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer
problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Benign cells are usually encapsulated and are unable to
metastasize.
Malignant: State of a tumor that is usually made up of undifferentiated nonfunctioning
cells that are reproducing rapidly. Malignant tumors often penetrate surrounding tissue and
spread to secondary sites.
Signs and symptoms of ealy detection.
anemia, cachexia, fatigue, infection, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and pain
, Define:
Cachexia: weakness and wasting of the body due to severe illness
Brief description of diagnostic procedures, and tumor grading.
Tumor grading: Tumors are graded on a scale from 1 to 4 with 1 being the most well
differentiated tumors. This means that they are less likely to cause serious problems as they are
more like the original tissue. Grade 4 are undifferentiated meaning they do not share any
characteristics with the underlying tissue.
Diagnostic procedures:
Mammogram /clinical breast exam/ self-breast exam – breast
Pap test – HPV and cervical cancer
Stool test/colonoscopy – colon colorectal cancer
PSA test / Prostate exam – prostate cancer
Intracellular fluid-define, contains what
Fluid found inside the cells.
Extracellular fluid-define, contains what
Fluid found outside the cells.
Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution-define
Hypertonic – (More solutes than solvent) An intravascular solution that has a higher
concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular compartment. Hypertonic solutions cause
fluid to shift from the intracellular space to the intravascular space.
hypotonic – (Less solutes than solvents) An intravascular solution that has a lower
concentration of solutes than that found in the intravascular compartment. Administration of
hypotonic solutions causes fluid to shift from the intravascular space to the intracellular space.
isotonic – (equal parts solutes and solvent) An intravascular solution that has
concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular compartment. Because of these
solute concentrations, isotonic solutions allow fluid to move equally between compartments.
Define:
Osmolarity
solute concentration
Osmosis
The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of
low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Fluid losses
urine, feces, insensible losses (sweat and tears) / fluid lost
Thirst mechanism
triggered by decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity (solute concentration)
Define fluid excess
Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are greater than the body’s needs.
Edema-causes of edema
