=Pathophysiology – Exam 2
Study Guide
Fall 2020
Module 4
o Clinical manifestations – appendicitis
Appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain (“McBurney’s point”) (classic, but may be
anywhere), nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs
of inflammation.
o Clinical manifestations – cholecystitis
Acute: inflammation of gallbladder wall
Chronic: inflammation of the gallbladder wall attributed to persistent low-grade
irritation from gallstones or recurrent attacks of acute cholecystitis
Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever yellow skin or eyes, abdominal cramping
.
o Clinical manifestations – glomerulonephritis
inflammation in glomeruli ( filtration system of the kidney, remove excess
fluid, electrolytes, and waste from bloodstream and pass it into your urine )
Proteinuria( excess protein in the urine), oliguria( not urinating properly,
urinate in small amount) and azotemia( happen when your kidney has been
damage by injury or disease, elevated levels of urea and other nitrogen
compound in the blood, decrees in the blood level), edema ( swelling in your
face hands m feet and abdomen) and hypertension ( high blood pressures) ,
URQ
, o Causes of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella
Inflammation of the lining if the intestine cause by virus bacteria and
parasites
Acute: direct infection by pathogenic bacteria or bacterial toxin
May be caused by imbalance in normal bacterial flora by introduction of
unusual bacteria (travel)
Consumption of raw or uncooked chicken/eggs
Diarrhea, N/V, abdominal pain
o Complication of perforated gallbladder
rupture is a medical condition where the gallbladder wall leaks or bursts.
Ruptures are commonly caused by inflammation of the gallbladder.
Gallbladder rupture where the gallbladder wall leaks or burst
Sepsis(A life-threatening complication of an infection)
, Rare complication of acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder )
o Types of disorders causing mechanical bowel obstruction
Partial or complete blockage of the intestine
Adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception,
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Intestinal Obstruction, Megacolon Hirschsprung Disease
Define the following terms: dysphagia; occult blood
Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing
occult blood is hidden blood ( not visible, it can be blood in stool )( cause by
polys there is bleeding somewhere in the digestive tract )
o What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid?
Inflammation in the pancreases
Alcohol
o Complication of GERD not sure
Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: occurs when stomach acid
frequently flows back into the esophagus.
Study Guide
Fall 2020
Module 4
o Clinical manifestations – appendicitis
Appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain (“McBurney’s point”) (classic, but may be
anywhere), nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs
of inflammation.
o Clinical manifestations – cholecystitis
Acute: inflammation of gallbladder wall
Chronic: inflammation of the gallbladder wall attributed to persistent low-grade
irritation from gallstones or recurrent attacks of acute cholecystitis
Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever yellow skin or eyes, abdominal cramping
.
o Clinical manifestations – glomerulonephritis
inflammation in glomeruli ( filtration system of the kidney, remove excess
fluid, electrolytes, and waste from bloodstream and pass it into your urine )
Proteinuria( excess protein in the urine), oliguria( not urinating properly,
urinate in small amount) and azotemia( happen when your kidney has been
damage by injury or disease, elevated levels of urea and other nitrogen
compound in the blood, decrees in the blood level), edema ( swelling in your
face hands m feet and abdomen) and hypertension ( high blood pressures) ,
URQ
, o Causes of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella
Inflammation of the lining if the intestine cause by virus bacteria and
parasites
Acute: direct infection by pathogenic bacteria or bacterial toxin
May be caused by imbalance in normal bacterial flora by introduction of
unusual bacteria (travel)
Consumption of raw or uncooked chicken/eggs
Diarrhea, N/V, abdominal pain
o Complication of perforated gallbladder
rupture is a medical condition where the gallbladder wall leaks or bursts.
Ruptures are commonly caused by inflammation of the gallbladder.
Gallbladder rupture where the gallbladder wall leaks or burst
Sepsis(A life-threatening complication of an infection)
, Rare complication of acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder )
o Types of disorders causing mechanical bowel obstruction
Partial or complete blockage of the intestine
Adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception,
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Intestinal Obstruction, Megacolon Hirschsprung Disease
Define the following terms: dysphagia; occult blood
Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing
occult blood is hidden blood ( not visible, it can be blood in stool )( cause by
polys there is bleeding somewhere in the digestive tract )
o What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid?
Inflammation in the pancreases
Alcohol
o Complication of GERD not sure
Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE: occurs when stomach acid
frequently flows back into the esophagus.
