Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet
Covers Material from Modules 1-10
1. Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary
as well as examples for each.
LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION-
Primary- prevention of diseases- vaccination, handwashing, educating, social distancing
Secondary- early detection before big problems. Eg- pap Smear or screening tests
Tertiary- rehabilitation- eg- therapies.
2. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems.
What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response?
3. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
4. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each
type.
in order to achieve active immunity- the body must be exposed to m/o- vaccinations-
weakened form of m/o. passive immunity- how the immune protection can be passed-
mother to fetus in the placenta or the mother to baby. passive immunity doesn’t last very
long.
5. What is edema? Review the various factors that can contribute to edema.
Edema - accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space - leading to tissue swelling. Can be
localized or generalized. Can be due to an increase in the forces that move fluid from the
capillaries into the interstitial compartment. Or a decrease in forces that move fluid from
the interstitial compartment into the capillaries. Factors that contribute to edema include:
Increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous
, valves), Increased capillary permeability (inflammation),Congestive heart failure, High
blood volume or HTN, Decrease in plasma proteins (such as albumin), Blockage of
lymphatic drainage (due to cancer or removal of lymph tissue)
6. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I
(Anaphylactic), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type III (Immune complex), Type IV (Delayed cell-
mediated). Know examples and mediating factors for each type.
Too much activation of immune system is hypersensitivity. Type I- IgE, Type II- IgG and
IgM, Type III- IgG, Type IV- T- cells.
7. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign- encapsulated, localized, grows slowly and usually and doesn’t invade, doesn’t
usually reoccur after treatment.
Malignant- not capsulated, spread, all over body, grows fast, can reoccur.
8. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
Signs and symptoms are- pain on empty stomach or 2-3 hours after eating when food
moves from stomach to large intestine where the ulcers are. H. Pylori thrives in acidic
conditions and breaks down the lining and causes the ulcers to bleed.
9. Review differences between functional and mechanical bowel obstructions, know
examples for each
Inability to move stool. Functional obs- somethings that stops the peristalsis movement
of the intestine- paralytic ileus. Causes of functional obs- certain medications like
anticholinergics- it activates the flight or fight and person can’t poop, pee, spit or see.
Poop and pee due to digestive and genitourinary system is slowed down, and salivary
glands stop producing saliva and hence dry mouth and can’t see due to pupil dilation.
Opioids and low fiber diet also cause functional obs. Mechanical obs- adhesions,
hernia, tumor, impacted feces, volvulus and intussusception (something that blocks the
intestinal track.
Covers Material from Modules 1-10
1. Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary
as well as examples for each.
LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION-
Primary- prevention of diseases- vaccination, handwashing, educating, social distancing
Secondary- early detection before big problems. Eg- pap Smear or screening tests
Tertiary- rehabilitation- eg- therapies.
2. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems.
What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response?
3. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
4. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each
type.
in order to achieve active immunity- the body must be exposed to m/o- vaccinations-
weakened form of m/o. passive immunity- how the immune protection can be passed-
mother to fetus in the placenta or the mother to baby. passive immunity doesn’t last very
long.
5. What is edema? Review the various factors that can contribute to edema.
Edema - accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space - leading to tissue swelling. Can be
localized or generalized. Can be due to an increase in the forces that move fluid from the
capillaries into the interstitial compartment. Or a decrease in forces that move fluid from
the interstitial compartment into the capillaries. Factors that contribute to edema include:
Increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous
, valves), Increased capillary permeability (inflammation),Congestive heart failure, High
blood volume or HTN, Decrease in plasma proteins (such as albumin), Blockage of
lymphatic drainage (due to cancer or removal of lymph tissue)
6. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I
(Anaphylactic), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type III (Immune complex), Type IV (Delayed cell-
mediated). Know examples and mediating factors for each type.
Too much activation of immune system is hypersensitivity. Type I- IgE, Type II- IgG and
IgM, Type III- IgG, Type IV- T- cells.
7. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign- encapsulated, localized, grows slowly and usually and doesn’t invade, doesn’t
usually reoccur after treatment.
Malignant- not capsulated, spread, all over body, grows fast, can reoccur.
8. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
Signs and symptoms are- pain on empty stomach or 2-3 hours after eating when food
moves from stomach to large intestine where the ulcers are. H. Pylori thrives in acidic
conditions and breaks down the lining and causes the ulcers to bleed.
9. Review differences between functional and mechanical bowel obstructions, know
examples for each
Inability to move stool. Functional obs- somethings that stops the peristalsis movement
of the intestine- paralytic ileus. Causes of functional obs- certain medications like
anticholinergics- it activates the flight or fight and person can’t poop, pee, spit or see.
Poop and pee due to digestive and genitourinary system is slowed down, and salivary
glands stop producing saliva and hence dry mouth and can’t see due to pupil dilation.
Opioids and low fiber diet also cause functional obs. Mechanical obs- adhesions,
hernia, tumor, impacted feces, volvulus and intussusception (something that blocks the
intestinal track.
