LSAT - LOGICAL REASONING COMPLETE EXAM
COMPLETE SOLUTION (2022 GRADED A SOLUTION)
Premise - A fact, proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made
Conclusion - A statement or judgment that follows from one or more reasons.
Conditional Reasoning - A conditional statement is, in its most easily recognized
form, an "if...then..." statement. The following is, for example, a conditional
statement. Conditional statements are also described in terms of sufficient and
necessary conditions.
Sufficient - An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary
condition must also occur.
Necessary - An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a
sufficient condition to occur.
Explain Sufficient Necessary - If a sufficient condition occurs, you automatically
know that the necessary condition also occurs. If a necessary condition occurs,
then it is possible that the sufficient condition will occur, but not certain.
Example of Sufficient Necessary - Banging my shin on the table is all that is
needed for me to scream in pain (i.e. it is sufficient), so banging my shin is
considered the sufficient condition. I cannot bang my shin on the table without
screaming in pain (screaming necessarily follows the banging of my shin), so
screaming in pain is the necessary condition. You should be fine if you can simply
remember that the antecedent (the phrase following the "if") is the sufficient
condition for the consequent (the phrase following the "then") and the consequent
is the necessary condition for the antecedent.
Contra-positive - a conditional statement derived from another by negating and
interchanging antecedent and consequent
Premise Indicators - Because
Since
For
For example
For that reason that In that
Given that
As indicated by
, Due to
Owing to
This can be seen from
We know this by
Conclusion Indicators - Thus
Therefore
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
Conclude that
Follows that
For this reason
Thirteen Logical Reasoning Types - 1. Must Be True / Most Supported
2. Main Point
3. Point at issue
4. Assumption
5. Justify the conclusion
6. Strengthen / support
7. Resolve the paradox
8. Weaken
9. Method of reasoning
10. Flaw in the reasoning
11. Parallel reasoning
12. Evaluate the argument
13. Cannot be true
Four Family Types - 1. Prove
2. Help
3. Hurt
4. Disprove
Reasoning Types - Family - Prove - a. Must Be True / Most Supported
b. Main Point
c. Point at issue
COMPLETE SOLUTION (2022 GRADED A SOLUTION)
Premise - A fact, proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made
Conclusion - A statement or judgment that follows from one or more reasons.
Conditional Reasoning - A conditional statement is, in its most easily recognized
form, an "if...then..." statement. The following is, for example, a conditional
statement. Conditional statements are also described in terms of sufficient and
necessary conditions.
Sufficient - An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary
condition must also occur.
Necessary - An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a
sufficient condition to occur.
Explain Sufficient Necessary - If a sufficient condition occurs, you automatically
know that the necessary condition also occurs. If a necessary condition occurs,
then it is possible that the sufficient condition will occur, but not certain.
Example of Sufficient Necessary - Banging my shin on the table is all that is
needed for me to scream in pain (i.e. it is sufficient), so banging my shin is
considered the sufficient condition. I cannot bang my shin on the table without
screaming in pain (screaming necessarily follows the banging of my shin), so
screaming in pain is the necessary condition. You should be fine if you can simply
remember that the antecedent (the phrase following the "if") is the sufficient
condition for the consequent (the phrase following the "then") and the consequent
is the necessary condition for the antecedent.
Contra-positive - a conditional statement derived from another by negating and
interchanging antecedent and consequent
Premise Indicators - Because
Since
For
For example
For that reason that In that
Given that
As indicated by
, Due to
Owing to
This can be seen from
We know this by
Conclusion Indicators - Thus
Therefore
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
Conclude that
Follows that
For this reason
Thirteen Logical Reasoning Types - 1. Must Be True / Most Supported
2. Main Point
3. Point at issue
4. Assumption
5. Justify the conclusion
6. Strengthen / support
7. Resolve the paradox
8. Weaken
9. Method of reasoning
10. Flaw in the reasoning
11. Parallel reasoning
12. Evaluate the argument
13. Cannot be true
Four Family Types - 1. Prove
2. Help
3. Hurt
4. Disprove
Reasoning Types - Family - Prove - a. Must Be True / Most Supported
b. Main Point
c. Point at issue
