Chapter 41: The Animal
Body and Principles of
Regulation
41.1. Organization of Vertebrate Body:
As humans:
Kingdom animalia => phylum Chordata => subphylum
Vertebrates => reptilian/ amphibians/mammals.
There are four levels of organization:
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ systems
Bodies of vertebrates are composed of different cell types
(humans have 210 different types of cells each with
specific function).
1-Tissues:
all animals except sponges are made up of tissues
tissues are group of cells that are similar in structure and
function.
There are three fundamental embryonic tissues that are
called germ layers:
M.O.
, in triploblastic: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (all
animal groups except the Cnidarians).
in diploblastic: endoderm and ectoderm (Cnidarians).
In adult vertebrates there exist 4 primary tissues:
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues.
2-Organs and organ systems:
An Organ is combinations of different tissues that form a
structural and functional unit.
An Organ system is a group of organs that cooperate to
perform the major activities of the body (Vertebrate body
contains 11 principal organ systems).
3-Example:
The cardiac muscle cell contains a nucleus and multiple striations.
Several cardiac cells will work together to form cardiac muscle
(tissue).
Cardiac muscle, along with a lining of epithelial tissue forms the
heart (organ).
The heart combined with blood vessels and blood form the
circulatory system.
M.O.
, 41.2. Epithelial Tissue:
The epithelial tissue covers every surface of
the vertebrate body.
Epithelial tissues serve many functions:
they provide the linings and coverings of organs
and body cavities.
They provide the outer surface of bodies (skin).
they are the primary tissues found in glands.
Epithelial tissues can arise from all three embryonic
germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
the epidermis of the skin arises from ectoderm,
whereas the epithelial lining of blood vessels arises
from the mesoderm.
Epithelial tissues are organized into sheets of cells
that are tightly bound together.
Epithelial structure:
The epithelial cells have an Apical surface that is
exposed either to the outside environment, such as in
skin, or internally, to the lumen of tubes like blood
vessels and the digestive tract.
The other cell surface is the Basal surface is
attached to the basement membrane.
M.O.
Body and Principles of
Regulation
41.1. Organization of Vertebrate Body:
As humans:
Kingdom animalia => phylum Chordata => subphylum
Vertebrates => reptilian/ amphibians/mammals.
There are four levels of organization:
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ systems
Bodies of vertebrates are composed of different cell types
(humans have 210 different types of cells each with
specific function).
1-Tissues:
all animals except sponges are made up of tissues
tissues are group of cells that are similar in structure and
function.
There are three fundamental embryonic tissues that are
called germ layers:
M.O.
, in triploblastic: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (all
animal groups except the Cnidarians).
in diploblastic: endoderm and ectoderm (Cnidarians).
In adult vertebrates there exist 4 primary tissues:
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues.
2-Organs and organ systems:
An Organ is combinations of different tissues that form a
structural and functional unit.
An Organ system is a group of organs that cooperate to
perform the major activities of the body (Vertebrate body
contains 11 principal organ systems).
3-Example:
The cardiac muscle cell contains a nucleus and multiple striations.
Several cardiac cells will work together to form cardiac muscle
(tissue).
Cardiac muscle, along with a lining of epithelial tissue forms the
heart (organ).
The heart combined with blood vessels and blood form the
circulatory system.
M.O.
, 41.2. Epithelial Tissue:
The epithelial tissue covers every surface of
the vertebrate body.
Epithelial tissues serve many functions:
they provide the linings and coverings of organs
and body cavities.
They provide the outer surface of bodies (skin).
they are the primary tissues found in glands.
Epithelial tissues can arise from all three embryonic
germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
the epidermis of the skin arises from ectoderm,
whereas the epithelial lining of blood vessels arises
from the mesoderm.
Epithelial tissues are organized into sheets of cells
that are tightly bound together.
Epithelial structure:
The epithelial cells have an Apical surface that is
exposed either to the outside environment, such as in
skin, or internally, to the lumen of tubes like blood
vessels and the digestive tract.
The other cell surface is the Basal surface is
attached to the basement membrane.
M.O.
