National Counselor Examination Study
Guide
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class - B. A sleep
apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of therapeutic
counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose all that
apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above - A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the
therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - comes from the idea that all behaviors are learned and acquired
through a process known as conditioning
,What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John B.
Watson? –
behavior theory
Behavior Therapy –
concentrates on the observable behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal
mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: -
conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? –
the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? –
Trained
Classical Conditioning –
a process in which a subject comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously
considered neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning –
a process in which a subject engages in the correct behavior through the use of both
rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to associate the behavior
with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human beings
respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? –
Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their behavior through
classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval,
variable interval) –
B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule –
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule –
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response
but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule –
, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a predetermined number
of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? –
a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they answer
five questions correctly –
Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of
responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? –
High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine –
variable-ratio
fixed-interval schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has
elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of
activity and then after each two minutes of activity? –
fixed-interval
variable-interval schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of activity,
three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... –
variable-interval
In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and punishment
_______________ behavior. –
Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? –
Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes a
noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids noxious
stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
Guide
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class - B. A sleep
apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of therapeutic
counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose all that
apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above - A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the
therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - comes from the idea that all behaviors are learned and acquired
through a process known as conditioning
,What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John B.
Watson? –
behavior theory
Behavior Therapy –
concentrates on the observable behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal
mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: -
conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? –
the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? –
Trained
Classical Conditioning –
a process in which a subject comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously
considered neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning –
a process in which a subject engages in the correct behavior through the use of both
rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to associate the behavior
with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human beings
respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? –
Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their behavior through
classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval,
variable interval) –
B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule –
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule –
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response
but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule –
, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a predetermined number
of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? –
a high, steady rate of responses.
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they answer
five questions correctly –
Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of
responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? –
High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine –
variable-ratio
fixed-interval schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has
elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of
activity and then after each two minutes of activity? –
fixed-interval
variable-interval schedule –
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of activity,
three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... –
variable-interval
In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and punishment
_______________ behavior. –
Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? –
Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes a
noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids noxious
stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
