BIOL 319 FINAL EXAM REVIEW – COHN EXAM COMPLETE DOCUMENT 2022
Anatomy definition - is the study of the structures of the body. STRUCTURE
Physiology definition - is the study of the function of the body. FUNCTION
Understand how anatomy and physiology are different subjects, but are "joined at the hip". -
You cannot have anatomy without physiology and vice versa
Gross anatomy definition - anatomy that you can study without the aid of a microscope. You
can physically hold the structure in your hand and see it with the naked eye. subcategory or
anatomy and it is the study of large body structures.
Histology definition - the study of tissues and it requires the use of light and electron
microscopes in order to see the tissues structures.
what is used to slice tissues in histology? - microtome
Regional anatomy definition - "the body is studied area by area". used in most medical
professions
systemic anatomy defintion - "the body is studied system by system". used in introductory
classes like this one.
What about blending the regional & systemic approaches? - Within each region, all systems are
studied simultaneously.
Are regional and systemic approaches subcategories of gross? - yes, regional is studying the
body area by area. Systemic is studying the body system by system.
How is our course an "integrative" approach? - taking them and forming them together;
Relating structure and function together. you can't study structure without function
chemical level of A&P - atoms combined to form molecules
cellular level of A&P - those molecules form organelles (such as nucleus & mitochondria) that
make up cells in our body
tissue level of A&P - similar cells & surrounding material make up tissue (such as smooth
muscle tissue)
organ level of A&P - different tissues combine to form organs, like the urinary bladder
Organ definition - structure that's composed of at least 2 tissues and has a specific function.
Ex → urinary bladder has epithelial tissue (innermost), connective tissue (to provide rigidity),
and smooth muscle tissue
,organ system level of A&P - organs that serve the same end function (urinary bladder) make up
organ system.
Ex- Urinary system consists of the bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra and they all have a specific
function to help excrete urine.
organism level of A&P - organ systems make up an organism
Know the four major categories of macromolecules. Is this an oversimplification (hint:
molecules in the extracellular matrix of bone)? - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - "organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms and range in size from small to very large." most have a 2:1 ratio of carbon: hydrogen,
like water. they are polar solvents.
carbohydrates functions - 1. they are parts of other organic molecules.
2. they are broken down to provide energy.
3. when undigested they provide bulk in feces
lipids - "major group of organic molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in
water" but dissolved in nonpolar substances like alcohol or acetone. also "primarily composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but have a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon than do
carbohydrates."
lipids functions - Functions include protection, insulation, regulation of steroid hormones like
estrogen and testosterone, intake of fat-soluble vitamins, the structure of cell membranes, and
long term storage of energy.
proteins - organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
proteins functions - 1. regulation : enzymes control chemical reactions. hormones regulate
many physiological processes.
2. transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. plasma proteins
transport other substances in the blood. protein in plasma membranes control the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
3. protection: antibodies protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances
4. contraction: actin and myosin in the muscle are responsible for contraction.
5. structure: collagen fibers form a structural framework in many parts of the body. keratin
adds strength to the skin, hair, and nails.
6. energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight they add as much energy
as carbohydrates do
nucleic acid - a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,
whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
nucleic acids functions - store and transmit genetic information
What elements are among the major categories of macromolecules? - C,O,H,N
,What is the prominence of H20 in the body? - Water is the most abundant molecule in the
body and water is about 66% of your body weight.
What is the function of H20 in the body? - Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients
and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden the on kidneys and liver by flushing out
waste products
Tissue definition - A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or
more specific functions.
What are the four major categories of tissue? - The four major categories are epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nervous
epithelial tissue definition - A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
connective tissue definition - A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all
of its parts
muscular tissue definition - Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
nervous tissue defintion - Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.
Organ system defintion - An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a
biological system to perform one or more functions.
Integumentary system function - barrier to invading organisms and chems; temp control
integumentary system organs - Skin
Hair
Subcutaneous tissue
Skeletal system function - support and movement, protection, mineral storage, blood formation
Skeletal system organs - Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Bone marrow
muscular system function - locomotion and heat production
muscular system organs - Muscles
Tendons
nervous system functions - coordinates activities of other organ systems and responds to
sensations
nervous system organs - Brain
, Spinal cord
Nerves
Eyes
Ears
endocrine system function - regulates body functions by chemicals to maintain homeostasis
endocrine system organs - Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Gonads
cardiovascular system function - transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes
wastes
cardiovascular system organs - Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
lymphatic system functions - returns tissue fluid to blood and defends against foreign
organisms
lymphathic system organs - Spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
respiratory system function - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
respiratory system organs - Lungs
Trachea
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
digestive system function - processes foods and absorbs nutrients into body
digestive system organs - Stomach
Intestinal tract
Liver
Pancreas
Esophagus
Salivary glands
urinary system function - eliminates wastes and regulates pH and blood volume
Anatomy definition - is the study of the structures of the body. STRUCTURE
Physiology definition - is the study of the function of the body. FUNCTION
Understand how anatomy and physiology are different subjects, but are "joined at the hip". -
You cannot have anatomy without physiology and vice versa
Gross anatomy definition - anatomy that you can study without the aid of a microscope. You
can physically hold the structure in your hand and see it with the naked eye. subcategory or
anatomy and it is the study of large body structures.
Histology definition - the study of tissues and it requires the use of light and electron
microscopes in order to see the tissues structures.
what is used to slice tissues in histology? - microtome
Regional anatomy definition - "the body is studied area by area". used in most medical
professions
systemic anatomy defintion - "the body is studied system by system". used in introductory
classes like this one.
What about blending the regional & systemic approaches? - Within each region, all systems are
studied simultaneously.
Are regional and systemic approaches subcategories of gross? - yes, regional is studying the
body area by area. Systemic is studying the body system by system.
How is our course an "integrative" approach? - taking them and forming them together;
Relating structure and function together. you can't study structure without function
chemical level of A&P - atoms combined to form molecules
cellular level of A&P - those molecules form organelles (such as nucleus & mitochondria) that
make up cells in our body
tissue level of A&P - similar cells & surrounding material make up tissue (such as smooth
muscle tissue)
organ level of A&P - different tissues combine to form organs, like the urinary bladder
Organ definition - structure that's composed of at least 2 tissues and has a specific function.
Ex → urinary bladder has epithelial tissue (innermost), connective tissue (to provide rigidity),
and smooth muscle tissue
,organ system level of A&P - organs that serve the same end function (urinary bladder) make up
organ system.
Ex- Urinary system consists of the bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra and they all have a specific
function to help excrete urine.
organism level of A&P - organ systems make up an organism
Know the four major categories of macromolecules. Is this an oversimplification (hint:
molecules in the extracellular matrix of bone)? - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - "organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms and range in size from small to very large." most have a 2:1 ratio of carbon: hydrogen,
like water. they are polar solvents.
carbohydrates functions - 1. they are parts of other organic molecules.
2. they are broken down to provide energy.
3. when undigested they provide bulk in feces
lipids - "major group of organic molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in
water" but dissolved in nonpolar substances like alcohol or acetone. also "primarily composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but have a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon than do
carbohydrates."
lipids functions - Functions include protection, insulation, regulation of steroid hormones like
estrogen and testosterone, intake of fat-soluble vitamins, the structure of cell membranes, and
long term storage of energy.
proteins - organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
proteins functions - 1. regulation : enzymes control chemical reactions. hormones regulate
many physiological processes.
2. transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. plasma proteins
transport other substances in the blood. protein in plasma membranes control the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
3. protection: antibodies protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances
4. contraction: actin and myosin in the muscle are responsible for contraction.
5. structure: collagen fibers form a structural framework in many parts of the body. keratin
adds strength to the skin, hair, and nails.
6. energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight they add as much energy
as carbohydrates do
nucleic acid - a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,
whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
nucleic acids functions - store and transmit genetic information
What elements are among the major categories of macromolecules? - C,O,H,N
,What is the prominence of H20 in the body? - Water is the most abundant molecule in the
body and water is about 66% of your body weight.
What is the function of H20 in the body? - Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients
and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden the on kidneys and liver by flushing out
waste products
Tissue definition - A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or
more specific functions.
What are the four major categories of tissue? - The four major categories are epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nervous
epithelial tissue definition - A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
connective tissue definition - A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all
of its parts
muscular tissue definition - Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
nervous tissue defintion - Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.
Organ system defintion - An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a
biological system to perform one or more functions.
Integumentary system function - barrier to invading organisms and chems; temp control
integumentary system organs - Skin
Hair
Subcutaneous tissue
Skeletal system function - support and movement, protection, mineral storage, blood formation
Skeletal system organs - Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Bone marrow
muscular system function - locomotion and heat production
muscular system organs - Muscles
Tendons
nervous system functions - coordinates activities of other organ systems and responds to
sensations
nervous system organs - Brain
, Spinal cord
Nerves
Eyes
Ears
endocrine system function - regulates body functions by chemicals to maintain homeostasis
endocrine system organs - Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Gonads
cardiovascular system function - transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes
wastes
cardiovascular system organs - Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
lymphatic system functions - returns tissue fluid to blood and defends against foreign
organisms
lymphathic system organs - Spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
respiratory system function - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
respiratory system organs - Lungs
Trachea
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
digestive system function - processes foods and absorbs nutrients into body
digestive system organs - Stomach
Intestinal tract
Liver
Pancreas
Esophagus
Salivary glands
urinary system function - eliminates wastes and regulates pH and blood volume
