2021-2022
International police
and judicial
cooperation
Prof. Dirk Van Daele
EXAM
Every kind of legislation is admissible
4-5 questions
Answering in Dutch/ English or a combination is allowed
,Inhoud
PART I: INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION.....................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: The historical roots of international police cooperation...................................................................3
1. Cooperation in two fields.............................................................................................................................3
2. The Anti-Anarchist Conference in 1898.......................................................................................................3
3. The Monaco Congress of 1914.....................................................................................................................4
4. The creation of the Internationale Kriminalpolizeilige Komission...............................................................5
5. The Second World War and its aftermath....................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Interpol: supporting police worldwide...............................................................................................5
1. A specific type of international organization...............................................................................................5
2. Vision, mission and aims of Interpol............................................................................................................6
3. The neutrality of Interpol.............................................................................................................................7
4. The non-operational character of Interpol................................................................................................10
5. The accountability of Interpol....................................................................................................................10
6. Evaluation...................................................................................................................................................11
Chapter 3: Liaison officers: a transnational law enforcement network............................................................11
1. Concept and added value...........................................................................................................................11
2. Legal framework.........................................................................................................................................11
3. The functioning of liaison officers in practice: international police cooperation as a strategic game......12
Chapter 4: Police cooperation in the European Union......................................................................................14
1. The gradual development of European police cooperation......................................................................14
2. The exchange of information and intelligence between law enforcement authorities of the Member
States..............................................................................................................................................................20
3. Europol.......................................................................................................................................................24
4. Joint Investigation teams............................................................................................................................34
PART II: INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL COOPERATION...............................................................................................37
Chapter 5: Concepts...........................................................................................................................................37
Chapter 6: Judicial cooperation in the European Union: general framework...................................................38
1. Judicial cooperation within the area of freedom, security, and justice.....................................................38
2. Mutual recognition as a cornerstone principle..........................................................................................39
Chapter 7: The European arrest warrant...........................................................................................................42
1. The traditional extradition system.............................................................................................................42
2. The Tampere European Council of 15/16 December 1999........................................................................43
3. The Framework Decision of 13 June 2002.................................................................................................43
4. The differences between the European arrest warrant and the extradition system................................45
1
, 5. The procedure............................................................................................................................................47
6. The grounds for non-execution of a European arrest warrant..................................................................48
7. European arrest warrant and human rights...............................................................................................49
8. The impact of the EAWs on the right of individuals in the Member States..............................................50
Chapter 8: Transnational gathering of evidence in criminal matters................................................................51
1. The traditional system: mutual assistance in criminal matters.................................................................51
2. The step-by-step development of a new model based on the principle of mutual recognition...............53
3. The European investigation order (Directive of 3 April 2014)...................................................................54
Chapter 9: The institutional structure of the EU judicial cooperation in criminal matters...............................59
1. The European Judicial Network..................................................................................................................59
2. Eurojust.......................................................................................................................................................60
3. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office...................................................................................................68
2
, PART I: INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION
CHAPTER 1: THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION
1. Cooperation in two fields
1. Regular types of crime
The police services operated cross-border, but they were limited to
transmitting information.
2. Radical/ anarchist/ extremist/ violent offences
The police services are executing operations across borders. This is
the ‘high policing’ principles of Fouché.
An example from the 19th century: Russian Okrana
a. The Russian Tsar Alexander II was murdered by violent
opponents in 1881
b. Russia set up a secret political police service, but the
opponents had their basis in other countries, so they set up
foreign bureaus
c. They did shadow-operations, information-gathering actions,
provocation, etc.
d. The other countries found this incompatible with their legal
standards and democratic systems and no longer accepted it
e. Russia had to shut down their agenturas/ bureaus, but they
didn’t and operated even more in secret
2. The Anti-Anarchist Conference in 1898
During this time there were many problems in a variety of European
countries, which made for a rough political climate. This meant that
anarchist-groups were no longer a Russian problem.
The Conference was organized to discuss anarchy and the ways to tackle
it. They needed international police measures to keep an eye on
problematic groups. The process took place in two steps
1. Every country needed to set up a specialized police unit on central
level, that gathered all the information of that country concerning
anarchy/ anarchist groups.
3
International police
and judicial
cooperation
Prof. Dirk Van Daele
EXAM
Every kind of legislation is admissible
4-5 questions
Answering in Dutch/ English or a combination is allowed
,Inhoud
PART I: INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION.....................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: The historical roots of international police cooperation...................................................................3
1. Cooperation in two fields.............................................................................................................................3
2. The Anti-Anarchist Conference in 1898.......................................................................................................3
3. The Monaco Congress of 1914.....................................................................................................................4
4. The creation of the Internationale Kriminalpolizeilige Komission...............................................................5
5. The Second World War and its aftermath....................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Interpol: supporting police worldwide...............................................................................................5
1. A specific type of international organization...............................................................................................5
2. Vision, mission and aims of Interpol............................................................................................................6
3. The neutrality of Interpol.............................................................................................................................7
4. The non-operational character of Interpol................................................................................................10
5. The accountability of Interpol....................................................................................................................10
6. Evaluation...................................................................................................................................................11
Chapter 3: Liaison officers: a transnational law enforcement network............................................................11
1. Concept and added value...........................................................................................................................11
2. Legal framework.........................................................................................................................................11
3. The functioning of liaison officers in practice: international police cooperation as a strategic game......12
Chapter 4: Police cooperation in the European Union......................................................................................14
1. The gradual development of European police cooperation......................................................................14
2. The exchange of information and intelligence between law enforcement authorities of the Member
States..............................................................................................................................................................20
3. Europol.......................................................................................................................................................24
4. Joint Investigation teams............................................................................................................................34
PART II: INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL COOPERATION...............................................................................................37
Chapter 5: Concepts...........................................................................................................................................37
Chapter 6: Judicial cooperation in the European Union: general framework...................................................38
1. Judicial cooperation within the area of freedom, security, and justice.....................................................38
2. Mutual recognition as a cornerstone principle..........................................................................................39
Chapter 7: The European arrest warrant...........................................................................................................42
1. The traditional extradition system.............................................................................................................42
2. The Tampere European Council of 15/16 December 1999........................................................................43
3. The Framework Decision of 13 June 2002.................................................................................................43
4. The differences between the European arrest warrant and the extradition system................................45
1
, 5. The procedure............................................................................................................................................47
6. The grounds for non-execution of a European arrest warrant..................................................................48
7. European arrest warrant and human rights...............................................................................................49
8. The impact of the EAWs on the right of individuals in the Member States..............................................50
Chapter 8: Transnational gathering of evidence in criminal matters................................................................51
1. The traditional system: mutual assistance in criminal matters.................................................................51
2. The step-by-step development of a new model based on the principle of mutual recognition...............53
3. The European investigation order (Directive of 3 April 2014)...................................................................54
Chapter 9: The institutional structure of the EU judicial cooperation in criminal matters...............................59
1. The European Judicial Network..................................................................................................................59
2. Eurojust.......................................................................................................................................................60
3. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office...................................................................................................68
2
, PART I: INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION
CHAPTER 1: THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION
1. Cooperation in two fields
1. Regular types of crime
The police services operated cross-border, but they were limited to
transmitting information.
2. Radical/ anarchist/ extremist/ violent offences
The police services are executing operations across borders. This is
the ‘high policing’ principles of Fouché.
An example from the 19th century: Russian Okrana
a. The Russian Tsar Alexander II was murdered by violent
opponents in 1881
b. Russia set up a secret political police service, but the
opponents had their basis in other countries, so they set up
foreign bureaus
c. They did shadow-operations, information-gathering actions,
provocation, etc.
d. The other countries found this incompatible with their legal
standards and democratic systems and no longer accepted it
e. Russia had to shut down their agenturas/ bureaus, but they
didn’t and operated even more in secret
2. The Anti-Anarchist Conference in 1898
During this time there were many problems in a variety of European
countries, which made for a rough political climate. This meant that
anarchist-groups were no longer a Russian problem.
The Conference was organized to discuss anarchy and the ways to tackle
it. They needed international police measures to keep an eye on
problematic groups. The process took place in two steps
1. Every country needed to set up a specialized police unit on central
level, that gathered all the information of that country concerning
anarchy/ anarchist groups.
3
