AO Patho Q & A Exam #2
What is the definition of innate resistance?
• AKA Natural Resistance
• The resistance that we are born with
What is the first line of defense and what parts of the body does it involves?
• The physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
o Eyes (tears), nose (mucous/hair), ear (wax/hair), mouth (saliva)
o Can be breached by lacerations, abrasions, punctures, ect.
o Sjogren’s Syndrome- dries up all the lubricating fluids in the body
o Respiratory
▪ Cilia of bronchi sweep away foreign bodies
o Gastrointestinal
▪ Saliva
▪ HCl of stomach
▪ Gag reflex
▪ Good flora of the intestines
▪ Defecation
o Genitourinary
▪ Urine flow
▪ Vaginal secretions are slightly acidic
What is the second line of defense?
• Inflammation
o Immediate and non-specific; meaning that it attacks every issue right away,
the same way
o Swelling, heat, redness (erythema), and pain
What is the third line of defense?
• Immunocyte Response, AKA Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
o Lymphocytes (T and B- Lymphocytes)
o Delayed and specific; meaning that they only respond fully to microbes that
they recognize and that it also takes time to develop the ability to recognize and
destroy microbes
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
• Antigens
o Proteins that can stimulate an immunocyte reaction against them
▪ Immunocyte response to foreign antigens (microbes) is normal
▪ Immunocyte response to our own antigens is abnormal
• Antibodies
o A group of proteins that responds specifically, depending on the type of antigen
that invades the body
What are types of passive acquired immunity? Advantages? Disadvantages?
• SOMEONE ELSE’S ANTIBODIES- NOT YOUR OWN
• Natural Passive Acquired Immunity
o Mother to Fetus via placenta or breastfeeding
, AO Patho Q & A Exam #2
• Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity
o Antibodies are injected during treatment, usually in emergencies
o Immunoglobulin Shot
• ADVANTAGES
o It works immediately
• DISADVANTAGES
o Antibodies only last a few weeks and then are gone; pt. will need vaccination
for further immunity
How are mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes helpful in the
Inflammatory response?
• Mast cells
o cells that are found in tissue throughout the body and they degranulate
when stimulated by an injury and it releases inflammatory mediators
(leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and histamine) which causes vasodilation
• Macrophages/Neutrophils
o Once vasodilation occurs, neutrophils and macrophages will come to the area
and phagocytize, meaning they will eat and destroy any dirt and debris found
in the tissue
• Lymphocytes
o If any viruses or bacteria microbes are found, the third line of defense will
be needed and that is where the lymphocytes come into play to help kill the
microbe and also develop memory of the microbe if the pt. ever becomes
exposed again
What’s the difference between degranulation, granulating tissue and a granuloma?
• Degranulation
o Breaking apart of mast cells will spillage of granules of biochemical mediators
in tissue
• Granulating Tissue
o Pink, healthy, healing tissue
• Granuloma
o Hunk of tissue that has been chronically inflamed and is not essentially just
scar tissue
What are signs and symptoms of a systemic inflammation?
• Malaise, aches and pains, fever, swelling, vasodilation of blood vessels
• Mix of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins (inflammatory mediators)
• Acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating prostaglandins, ect.)
• Leukocytosis (increase of WBC), neutrophilia (increase in neutrophils)
What are the signs and symptoms of SIRS?
• Change in mental status
• Fever
• Increased HR
• Increased RR
• Abnormally high WBC Count
What is the definition of innate resistance?
• AKA Natural Resistance
• The resistance that we are born with
What is the first line of defense and what parts of the body does it involves?
• The physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
o Eyes (tears), nose (mucous/hair), ear (wax/hair), mouth (saliva)
o Can be breached by lacerations, abrasions, punctures, ect.
o Sjogren’s Syndrome- dries up all the lubricating fluids in the body
o Respiratory
▪ Cilia of bronchi sweep away foreign bodies
o Gastrointestinal
▪ Saliva
▪ HCl of stomach
▪ Gag reflex
▪ Good flora of the intestines
▪ Defecation
o Genitourinary
▪ Urine flow
▪ Vaginal secretions are slightly acidic
What is the second line of defense?
• Inflammation
o Immediate and non-specific; meaning that it attacks every issue right away,
the same way
o Swelling, heat, redness (erythema), and pain
What is the third line of defense?
• Immunocyte Response, AKA Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
o Lymphocytes (T and B- Lymphocytes)
o Delayed and specific; meaning that they only respond fully to microbes that
they recognize and that it also takes time to develop the ability to recognize and
destroy microbes
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
• Antigens
o Proteins that can stimulate an immunocyte reaction against them
▪ Immunocyte response to foreign antigens (microbes) is normal
▪ Immunocyte response to our own antigens is abnormal
• Antibodies
o A group of proteins that responds specifically, depending on the type of antigen
that invades the body
What are types of passive acquired immunity? Advantages? Disadvantages?
• SOMEONE ELSE’S ANTIBODIES- NOT YOUR OWN
• Natural Passive Acquired Immunity
o Mother to Fetus via placenta or breastfeeding
, AO Patho Q & A Exam #2
• Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity
o Antibodies are injected during treatment, usually in emergencies
o Immunoglobulin Shot
• ADVANTAGES
o It works immediately
• DISADVANTAGES
o Antibodies only last a few weeks and then are gone; pt. will need vaccination
for further immunity
How are mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes helpful in the
Inflammatory response?
• Mast cells
o cells that are found in tissue throughout the body and they degranulate
when stimulated by an injury and it releases inflammatory mediators
(leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and histamine) which causes vasodilation
• Macrophages/Neutrophils
o Once vasodilation occurs, neutrophils and macrophages will come to the area
and phagocytize, meaning they will eat and destroy any dirt and debris found
in the tissue
• Lymphocytes
o If any viruses or bacteria microbes are found, the third line of defense will
be needed and that is where the lymphocytes come into play to help kill the
microbe and also develop memory of the microbe if the pt. ever becomes
exposed again
What’s the difference between degranulation, granulating tissue and a granuloma?
• Degranulation
o Breaking apart of mast cells will spillage of granules of biochemical mediators
in tissue
• Granulating Tissue
o Pink, healthy, healing tissue
• Granuloma
o Hunk of tissue that has been chronically inflamed and is not essentially just
scar tissue
What are signs and symptoms of a systemic inflammation?
• Malaise, aches and pains, fever, swelling, vasodilation of blood vessels
• Mix of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins (inflammatory mediators)
• Acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating prostaglandins, ect.)
• Leukocytosis (increase of WBC), neutrophilia (increase in neutrophils)
What are the signs and symptoms of SIRS?
• Change in mental status
• Fever
• Increased HR
• Increased RR
• Abnormally high WBC Count
