AP Biology Exam Terms(2021/2022)
organic compounds - Answer contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and
carbs
functional groups - Answer amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl
(OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat - Answer glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats - Answer bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room
temp.
unsaturated fats - Answer better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods - Answer lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include
cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids - Answer glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up
membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates - Answer used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides
(glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch
[plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose
[arthropods])
proteins - Answer made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many
functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components,
and channels)
enzymes - Answer catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates
to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion - Answer inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
noncompetitive inhibition - Answer inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters
active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH - Answer logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times
more acidic than 5
hydrolysis - Answer breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration - Answer two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction - Answer reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction - Answer reaction that gives off energy
,AP Biology Exam Terms(2021/2022)
redox - Answer electron transfer reactions
cell wall - Answer found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes
the cell
plasma membrane - Answer found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what
substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome - Answer found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis;
form in nucleolus
smooth ER - Answer found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate
metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER - Answer found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to
plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi - Answer found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to
plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria - Answer found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-
producing steps of respiration
lysosome - Answer found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic
compounds; serves as cell's stomach
nucleus - Answer found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription,
replication, and DNA
peroxisome - Answer found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of
alcohol
chloroplast - Answer found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants
cytoskeleton - Answer found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole - Answer large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells
centrioles - Answer found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation
apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model - Answer plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid
bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung
the phospholipids
, AP Biology Exam Terms(2021/2022)
integral proteins - Answer proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
diffusion - Answer passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient
(from high to low concentrations)
osmosis - Answer passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration
to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion - Answer assisted transport of particles across membrane (no
energy input)
active transport - Answer movement of substances against concentration gradient (low
to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis - Answer phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles
exocytosis - Answer process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to
movement in a trash chute
aerobic respiration - Answer glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation -> 36
ATP per glucose molecule
anaerobic respiration (fermentation) - Answer glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -> 2 ATP
per glucose molecule
glycolysis - Answer conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2
NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must
have NAD+ to proceed
Krebs cycle - Answer conversion 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP,
H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yeild double the products above;
occurs in the mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation - Answer production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and
FADH2; occurs in the mitochrondria; requires the presence of oxygen to proceed
chemiosmosis - Answer coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the
formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both
cell respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP
ATP synthase - Answer enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP
from ADP
fermentation - Answer process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolsis can begin again;
occurs in absence of oxygen
organic compounds - Answer contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and
carbs
functional groups - Answer amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl
(OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat - Answer glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats - Answer bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room
temp.
unsaturated fats - Answer better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods - Answer lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include
cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids - Answer glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up
membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates - Answer used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides
(glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch
[plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose
[arthropods])
proteins - Answer made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many
functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components,
and channels)
enzymes - Answer catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates
to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion - Answer inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
noncompetitive inhibition - Answer inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters
active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH - Answer logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times
more acidic than 5
hydrolysis - Answer breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration - Answer two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction - Answer reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction - Answer reaction that gives off energy
,AP Biology Exam Terms(2021/2022)
redox - Answer electron transfer reactions
cell wall - Answer found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes
the cell
plasma membrane - Answer found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what
substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome - Answer found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis;
form in nucleolus
smooth ER - Answer found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate
metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER - Answer found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to
plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi - Answer found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to
plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria - Answer found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-
producing steps of respiration
lysosome - Answer found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic
compounds; serves as cell's stomach
nucleus - Answer found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription,
replication, and DNA
peroxisome - Answer found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of
alcohol
chloroplast - Answer found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants
cytoskeleton - Answer found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole - Answer large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells
centrioles - Answer found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation
apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model - Answer plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid
bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung
the phospholipids
, AP Biology Exam Terms(2021/2022)
integral proteins - Answer proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
diffusion - Answer passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient
(from high to low concentrations)
osmosis - Answer passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration
to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion - Answer assisted transport of particles across membrane (no
energy input)
active transport - Answer movement of substances against concentration gradient (low
to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis - Answer phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles
exocytosis - Answer process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to
movement in a trash chute
aerobic respiration - Answer glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation -> 36
ATP per glucose molecule
anaerobic respiration (fermentation) - Answer glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -> 2 ATP
per glucose molecule
glycolysis - Answer conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2
NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must
have NAD+ to proceed
Krebs cycle - Answer conversion 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP,
H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yeild double the products above;
occurs in the mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation - Answer production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and
FADH2; occurs in the mitochrondria; requires the presence of oxygen to proceed
chemiosmosis - Answer coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the
formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both
cell respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP
ATP synthase - Answer enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP
from ADP
fermentation - Answer process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolsis can begin again;
occurs in absence of oxygen
