NUR 2063 / NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1
Review
1. What things can cause hyperkalemia?
- renal failure, severe burns, injury, too much K supplements.
2. What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
- Intestinal cramping, diarrhea, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
3. What is hypokalemia?
- Low potassium K<3.5
4. What things can cause hypokalemia?
- Vomiting, diarrhea, improper diet, npo, lasix use, increased insulin and
epinephrine use.
5. What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
- Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
6. What is hypercalemia?
, - High Calcium Ca> 10.2
7. What things can cause hypercalemia?
- overactive parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking
down too much).
8. What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia?
- diminished reflexes, headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney
stones, cardiac arrhythmias.
9. What is hypocalcemia?
- low calcium Ca<8.5
10. What are causes of hypocalcemia?
- vitamin D deficiency, burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.
11. What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/ hypomagnesemia?
- increased muscle excitability, hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles,
tetany, positive trousseau and chvostek signs, tremors.
,12. What is hypermagnesemia?
- High Magnesium Mg> 2.5
13. What things can cause hypermagnesemia?
- renal failure, excessive laxative/ antacid use.
14. What is hypomagnesemia?
- Low magnesium Mg< 1.8
15. What things can cause hypo magnesemia?
- low intake, alcoholism, malnutrition, pregnancy, diarrhea, diuretics.
16. What is hyperphosphatemia?
- High phosphates P>4.5
17. What things can cause hyperphosphatemia?
- renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism,
laxatives,
, 18. What is hypophosphatemia?
- Low phosphates P< 2.5
19. What things can cause hypophosphatemia?
- hyperparathyroidism, alkalosis,deficient intake, vitamin D deficiency,
alcoholism, low dietary intake.
20. What electrolyte balance do we see with a positive chovstek and trousseaus sign?
- Hypocalcemia
21. What is a positive trousseaus sign?
- BP. When pressure is on the arm, the hand will cramp and curl.
22. What is a positive chvostek sign?
- Tap on the face and the person's eye/cheek twitch.
23. What are electrolyte reservoirs?
- where electrolytes are found at an abundance, usually in the bones.
Review
1. What things can cause hyperkalemia?
- renal failure, severe burns, injury, too much K supplements.
2. What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
- Intestinal cramping, diarrhea, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
3. What is hypokalemia?
- Low potassium K<3.5
4. What things can cause hypokalemia?
- Vomiting, diarrhea, improper diet, npo, lasix use, increased insulin and
epinephrine use.
5. What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
- Muscle weakness, paralysis, irregular heart rate, EKG changes.
6. What is hypercalemia?
, - High Calcium Ca> 10.2
7. What things can cause hypercalemia?
- overactive parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking
down too much).
8. What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia?
- diminished reflexes, headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney
stones, cardiac arrhythmias.
9. What is hypocalcemia?
- low calcium Ca<8.5
10. What are causes of hypocalcemia?
- vitamin D deficiency, burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.
11. What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/ hypomagnesemia?
- increased muscle excitability, hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles,
tetany, positive trousseau and chvostek signs, tremors.
,12. What is hypermagnesemia?
- High Magnesium Mg> 2.5
13. What things can cause hypermagnesemia?
- renal failure, excessive laxative/ antacid use.
14. What is hypomagnesemia?
- Low magnesium Mg< 1.8
15. What things can cause hypo magnesemia?
- low intake, alcoholism, malnutrition, pregnancy, diarrhea, diuretics.
16. What is hyperphosphatemia?
- High phosphates P>4.5
17. What things can cause hyperphosphatemia?
- renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism,
laxatives,
, 18. What is hypophosphatemia?
- Low phosphates P< 2.5
19. What things can cause hypophosphatemia?
- hyperparathyroidism, alkalosis,deficient intake, vitamin D deficiency,
alcoholism, low dietary intake.
20. What electrolyte balance do we see with a positive chovstek and trousseaus sign?
- Hypocalcemia
21. What is a positive trousseaus sign?
- BP. When pressure is on the arm, the hand will cramp and curl.
22. What is a positive chvostek sign?
- Tap on the face and the person's eye/cheek twitch.
23. What are electrolyte reservoirs?
- where electrolytes are found at an abundance, usually in the bones.
