BIO 135 EXAM 3 (2022)

What are the four major elements in proteins? C H O N Proteins are made of long strings of ... Amino Acids What are the 4 subunits of an Amino Acid? -Hydrogen -Amino Group -Carboxyl Group -R Group How does one amino acid differ from the next ? Differ based on the composition of the R group How many Amino Acids are commonly found in the human body? 20 Amino Acids 11 Made in body How many Essential Amino Acids are there? 9 Essential Amino Acids (must be brought into body by food) What bond is used to link Amino Acids? Peptide Bond What is the process for forming Peptide Bonds? Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) * water is a product of this reaction What makes proteins fold up into their functional shapes? Hydrophobic Side Chain: -oriented inward Hydrophilic Side Chain: -oriented outward How are proteins different from each other ? -Combination of Amino Acids -Variation in Chain Length Where does Protein digestion begin? Stomach What is the role of HCL in protein digestion? -Denatures/Uncoils proteins -Activates Pepsinogen to Pepsin What is the Protease that BEGINS the enzymatic breakdown of Proteins? Pepsin (converted from pepsinogen by HCL) Where does pepsin do its job? Stomach What happens in the Small Intestine during Protein Digestion? Proteases released from intestinal tract cells and Pancrease Polypeptide broken down to TRI and DI peptides and some amino Acids TRI and DI and AMino Acids are ABsorbed into intestinal tract cells Broken down further into AA once in Intestnal tract cells Absorbed into capillaries and transported to the liver via Portal vein What is the role of the Pancreatic Proteases? Break down polypeptides into Tripeptides, Dipeptides, and some Amino Acids What is the role of the Intestinal Tract Cell enzymes? Break Tripeptides, Dipeptides and AA into AMino Acids What are the end products (absorbable units) of Protein digestion? (3) Tripeptides Dipeptides Amino Acids How do Amino Acids Travel in the blood? No need for carriers Amino acids in the blood enter the cells Amino Acid Pool amino acids in body tissues, cells, and fluids that are available for use by the body Where do Amino Acids come from? Diet Breakdown of body proteins that are worn out Protein Synthesis Body is in need for certain proteins. Genes in DNA code for proteins Transcription -DNA copies itself to form mRNA in nucleus -mRNA carries instructions to Ribosomes outside of nucleus Translation -Instructions on mRNA are read -tRNA taxis specific Amino Acids to the Ribosome -Polypeptide chain formed in cytosol Protein is released from ribosome and taken to its respective location for use What are some structures in the body that are at least partially made of Protein? Cell Wall Muscle Bone What are the roles of Protein in the body? Structural -Actin/Myosin Enzymes- ases Hormones- Transporters- Hemoglobin Antibodies Regulate Fluids Energy Making Glucose Making Fat For which fates of protein is the Nitrogen group removed? Energy Making Glucose Making Fat Only Carbon Backbone is needed What happens to the Nitrogen Group once it is removed from the amino acid? Nitrogen group picks up a Hydrogen and is converted to Ammonia (NH3) Ammonia picked up by Liver and converted to Urea an then released into blood Urea picked up by Kidneys and sent to bladder for elimination What compound is high in the blood if you are suffering from Liver Failure? Ammonia What compound is high in the blood if you are suffering from Kidney Failure? Urea What is the process of converting Amino Acids to Glucose? Gluconeogenesis In what instance does Gluconeogenesis occur? if no other source of glucose is available Starvation no carbohydrates are being consumed Type 1 diabetes- no blood glucose going into cells glucose is needed by the brain and central nervous system Where do proteins destined for energy productions enter the chemical cascade? at Acetyl CoA enters Citric Acid Cycle pyruvate for glucose poduction RDA for Protein in Adults 0.8 grams per kilogram of Body weight relative to weight of individual 2.2 lbs per 1 kilogram RDA for Protein in Infants and young children 2.2 grams per kilogram of Body weight Growing at a faster rate AMDR for Protein ... What is the safe Range form protein intake? ... What factors are taken into account for Protein Quality? Digestibility Proportion of essential Amino Acids Examples of Complete Proteins Animal Products Quinoa Soy Examples of Incomplete Proteins Plant Products Why are plant sources for protein beneficial? they contain less saturated fat and fat and do not contain cholesterol When using plant sources for protein what do you need to make sure of? Eat a variety as to cover all the essential amino acids What are the 2 main forms of PEM? Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus Gneral food Deficiency including protien kcals skin and bones starvation famin Kwashiorkor protein deficiency children after breastfeeding has stopped edema fatty liver disease because no lipoproteins to transport fat What causes Edema in Kwashiorkor? not enough proteins in the blood causes fluid to leave blood and pool in spaces between the cells What causes Fatty liver in Kwashiorkor? No lipoproteins to transport fat from liver to cells What are concerns with excess protein intake? Dehydration Increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease Grams of proteins in foods Meat-7 g Milk- 8 g Bread- 3 g