Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
CHAPTER 1.0: BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC: 1.1 Biodiversity and classification
LEARNING OUTCOMES: a) State the types of biodiversity (genetic, species and ecosystem).
b) State hierarchical classification
c) Explain briefly the classification systems: -
i. Five-kingdom system (Robert Harding Whittaker, 1969) based on level of cell
organization, types of organism and modes of nutrition.
ii. Three-domain system (Carl Woese, 1977) - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
based on rRNA base sequence.
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Definition of • Short for biological diversity Why is biodiversity high in
Biodiversity • Greek “bios” means life, “logos” means study so the general Malaysia?
meaning of biology is the study of living things.
• Diversity means the state of being diverse or a range
of different things.
• Biodiversity refers to the variation of life forms within
agiven area.
• Malaysia have not less than:
15,000 plants species 140 snake’s species
150 frog’s species 80 lizard’s species
600 bird’s species 150 frog’s species
210 mammal’s species 140 snake’s species
80 lizard’s species
a) Types of • Biodiversity also refers to the interrelatedness of genes,
biodiversity species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the
(genetic, species environment.
and ecosystem) • Three types of biodiversity:
1 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
b) The • In order to naming species of an organism, Linnaeus * In the Linnaean system,
hierarchical groupedthem into a hierarchy of increasing inclusive taxa broader than the genus
classification category. are not italicized, though they
.(Linnaean • The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy is are Capitalized*
System) called a taxon (plural, taxa).
• In the panther example, Panthera is a taxon at the genus
level, and Mammalia is a taxon at the class level that
includes all the many orders of mammals.
Classification according to Carolus Linnaeus
c) The • In 1969, R.H Whittaker proposed a Five-kingdom system. Each kingdom is further
classification • Living organisms are subdivided into 5 major kingdoms, subdivided into
systems including the Monera (prokaryotes), the Protista separate phyla or divisions.
(Protoctista),the Fungi, the Plantae, and the Animalia. Generally"animals" are
i. The Five- subdivided into phyla, while
kingdom system "plants" are subdivided into
(Robert Harding divisions.
Whittaker, 1969)
based on level of
cell
organization,
types of
organism and
modes of
nutrition.
The Five-kingdom system
2 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
The classification system is based on:
Level of cell Types of
organization organisms Modes of nutrition
Prokaryote Unicellular Saprophytic
Eukaryote Multicellular Photosynthetic
Holozoic
• The Three-domain system, developed by Carl Woese, is
ii. Three-domain a system for classifying biological organisms.
system (Carl • This classificationsystem model was based on principles
Woese, 1977) - developed by Carolus Linnaeus, whose hierarchical
Bacteria, system groups organisms based on common physical
Archaea and characteristics.
Eukarya) based • The Three-domain system, groups organisms primarily
on rRNA base based on differences in rRNA structure.
sequence. • Under this system, organisms are classified into three
domainsand six kingdoms.
• The domains are Archaea, Bacteria,and Eukarya.
• The kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria),
Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,and
Animalia.
3 | KMPk
, Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
SUBTOPIC: 1.2 Domain Bacteria and Archaea
LEARNING OUTCOMES: a) State the two domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea
(Sulfolobus sp.)
b) Differentiate between the two domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and
Archaea (Sulfolobus sp.) based on :-
i. Cell wall structure
ii. Association of histon to DNA
iii. Structure of membrane lipids.
c) Describe the diversity of bacteria (based on cell shapes and Gram-stain)
d) State the importance of bacteria:
i. Recycling of chemicals elements in ecosystem (nitrogen fixation, as
decomposer).
ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g E coli in human intestine)
iii. Pathogenic e.g.Salmonella spp.)
iv. In research and technology (bacterial plasmid).
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
a) The two The prokaryotes contain two domains, Domain Archaea and
domain of DomainBacteria.
prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples of archaea is Sulfolobus sp.
• It’s a prokaryotic cell of various shapes.
• Adaptations to extreme environments. They can live in aquatic
environments that lack of oxygen or are too salty, too hot or too
acidic for most other organisms.
• Absorb or chemosynthesize food
• Unique cell wall and membranes chemical characteristics.
Domain Bacteria
• An example of bacteria is E.coli
• Diverse prokaryotes widely distributed in various environments.
• Has various shape
• Adaptations to all environments
• Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food
4 | KMPk
CHAPTER 1.0: BIODIVERSITY
SUBTOPIC: 1.1 Biodiversity and classification
LEARNING OUTCOMES: a) State the types of biodiversity (genetic, species and ecosystem).
b) State hierarchical classification
c) Explain briefly the classification systems: -
i. Five-kingdom system (Robert Harding Whittaker, 1969) based on level of cell
organization, types of organism and modes of nutrition.
ii. Three-domain system (Carl Woese, 1977) - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
based on rRNA base sequence.
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Definition of • Short for biological diversity Why is biodiversity high in
Biodiversity • Greek “bios” means life, “logos” means study so the general Malaysia?
meaning of biology is the study of living things.
• Diversity means the state of being diverse or a range
of different things.
• Biodiversity refers to the variation of life forms within
agiven area.
• Malaysia have not less than:
15,000 plants species 140 snake’s species
150 frog’s species 80 lizard’s species
600 bird’s species 150 frog’s species
210 mammal’s species 140 snake’s species
80 lizard’s species
a) Types of • Biodiversity also refers to the interrelatedness of genes,
biodiversity species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the
(genetic, species environment.
and ecosystem) • Three types of biodiversity:
1 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
b) The • In order to naming species of an organism, Linnaeus * In the Linnaean system,
hierarchical groupedthem into a hierarchy of increasing inclusive taxa broader than the genus
classification category. are not italicized, though they
.(Linnaean • The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy is are Capitalized*
System) called a taxon (plural, taxa).
• In the panther example, Panthera is a taxon at the genus
level, and Mammalia is a taxon at the class level that
includes all the many orders of mammals.
Classification according to Carolus Linnaeus
c) The • In 1969, R.H Whittaker proposed a Five-kingdom system. Each kingdom is further
classification • Living organisms are subdivided into 5 major kingdoms, subdivided into
systems including the Monera (prokaryotes), the Protista separate phyla or divisions.
(Protoctista),the Fungi, the Plantae, and the Animalia. Generally"animals" are
i. The Five- subdivided into phyla, while
kingdom system "plants" are subdivided into
(Robert Harding divisions.
Whittaker, 1969)
based on level of
cell
organization,
types of
organism and
modes of
nutrition.
The Five-kingdom system
2 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
The classification system is based on:
Level of cell Types of
organization organisms Modes of nutrition
Prokaryote Unicellular Saprophytic
Eukaryote Multicellular Photosynthetic
Holozoic
• The Three-domain system, developed by Carl Woese, is
ii. Three-domain a system for classifying biological organisms.
system (Carl • This classificationsystem model was based on principles
Woese, 1977) - developed by Carolus Linnaeus, whose hierarchical
Bacteria, system groups organisms based on common physical
Archaea and characteristics.
Eukarya) based • The Three-domain system, groups organisms primarily
on rRNA base based on differences in rRNA structure.
sequence. • Under this system, organisms are classified into three
domainsand six kingdoms.
• The domains are Archaea, Bacteria,and Eukarya.
• The kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria),
Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,and
Animalia.
3 | KMPk
, Biology Student’s Companion Resources SB 025
SUBTOPIC: 1.2 Domain Bacteria and Archaea
LEARNING OUTCOMES: a) State the two domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea
(Sulfolobus sp.)
b) Differentiate between the two domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and
Archaea (Sulfolobus sp.) based on :-
i. Cell wall structure
ii. Association of histon to DNA
iii. Structure of membrane lipids.
c) Describe the diversity of bacteria (based on cell shapes and Gram-stain)
d) State the importance of bacteria:
i. Recycling of chemicals elements in ecosystem (nitrogen fixation, as
decomposer).
ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g E coli in human intestine)
iii. Pathogenic e.g.Salmonella spp.)
iv. In research and technology (bacterial plasmid).
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
a) The two The prokaryotes contain two domains, Domain Archaea and
domain of DomainBacteria.
prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples of archaea is Sulfolobus sp.
• It’s a prokaryotic cell of various shapes.
• Adaptations to extreme environments. They can live in aquatic
environments that lack of oxygen or are too salty, too hot or too
acidic for most other organisms.
• Absorb or chemosynthesize food
• Unique cell wall and membranes chemical characteristics.
Domain Bacteria
• An example of bacteria is E.coli
• Diverse prokaryotes widely distributed in various environments.
• Has various shape
• Adaptations to all environments
• Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food
4 | KMPk
