BIOS 256 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed

BIOS 256 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed what are male gametes? Correct Answer-Sperm What are female gametes? Correct Answer-Secondary oocytes Embryonic period? Correct Answer-From fertilization through the eighth week of development Fetal period? Correct Answer-Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth Describe the first trimester? Correct Answer-The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks. This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens. Describe the second trimester? Correct Answer-14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop human like features Describe the third trimester? Correct Answer-28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus doubles in weight. Cleavage of zygote Correct Answer-Mitotic division after fertilization Day 1: two-cell stage Day 2: four-cell stage Day 3: eight-cell stage Day 4: morula Day 5: blastocyst Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall FIGURE 29.5 What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? Correct Answer-Increased blood osmolarity(more solutes) Decreased blood volume Decreased blood pressure Dry mouth What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? Correct Answer-Stimulates the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased thirst, increased water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? Correct Answer-Na+ and Cl- ADH function Correct Answer-ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? Correct Answer-Aldosterone and ANP When is RAAS activated? Correct Answer-Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts Functions of ANP Correct Answer-ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume. What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? Correct Answer-Na+ and Cl- What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? Correct Answer-K+, proteins, and phosphates 3 buffer systems in the body Correct Answer-(1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system. Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system Correct Answer-Increased exhalation of CO2 increases exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation of H+ and decreases the pH Kidneys as a buffer system Correct Answer-Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb HCO3- so it is not lost in urine Respiratory acidosis Correct Answer-A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient amounts of CO2. Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine and increasing HCO3- reabsorption Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer-An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of CO2. Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3- Metabolic acidosis Correct Answer-Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH. Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an increase in the loss of CO2, increasing the pH Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer-Increased HCO3-, increased pH Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hypo ventilating, causing a decrease in the loss of CO2, decreasing the pH Dartos muscle function Correct Answer-"wrinkling" of scrotum to reduce heat loss in cold weather Cremaster muscle function Correct Answer-elevates the testes closer to the body in response to cold temperatures Where is sperm produced? Correct Answer-seminiferous tubules FSH function in males Correct Answer-stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis LH function in males Correct Answer-"Leydig hormone" Stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells of testes Where does sperm mature? Correct Answer-Epididymis Three parts of male urethra Correct Answer-Prostatic, membranous, and spongy Process of spermatogenesis Correct Answer-Spermatogonia (germ cells)-- Primary spermatocyte (2n)-- Meiosis I occurs-- Secondary spermatocytes 2 of (n), Meiosis II occurs-- Spermatids 4 of (n)-- Spermiogenesis (production of sperm) Semen Correct Answer-Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid. Comes from the secretion of seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland, and seminiferous tubule What do the ovaries produce? Correct Answer-estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin, and gametes, and eggs Stages of ovarian follicles Correct Answer-Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary follicle, first polar body + secondary oocyte, mature follicle ruptures and relea