Diabetes
Normal FBS Correct Answer: <100 mg/dl
Normal RBS Correct Answer: <140 mg/dl
Normal HbA1C Correct Answer: 4-6%
Diabetic FBS Correct Answer: >126 mg/dl
Diabetic HbA1C Correct Answer: >6.4%
Diabetes is the leading cause of (3): Correct Answer: Blindness, End stage renal disease, and
amputations
S/S of Increased BS (9) Correct Answer: Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyruia, acetone breath, Kussmaul
respirations, confusion, fatigue, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias
Type 1 diabetes Correct Answer: B cells do not produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes Correct Answer: Insulin resistance and/or relative insulin deficiency
Differences between Type 1 and 2 s/s Correct Answer: Type 1-Extreme hunger but rapid weight loss
Type 2-overweight
Both Type 1 and 2 S/S (10) Correct Answer: Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, N&V, acetone breath,
unconsciousness, slow healing, infections, numbness/tingling in hands and feet, and blurred vision
Medication that can lead to diabetes Correct Answer: steroids
Ketones Correct Answer: Result of fat breakdown found in blood and urine
Why would you lower protein in your diet if you are diabetic? From what to what? Correct Answer:
Renal impairment; From 15-20% to 10%
What should be the biggest part of a ADA diet? Correct Answer: CHO
How many glasses of alcohol can a diabetic have a day? Correct Answer: Male-2 or fewer
Female-1 or fewer
Benefits of exercise (3) Correct Answer: 1) Increase insulin sensitivity
2) Lower risk for CAD by increasing HDLs, and lower triglycerides and BP
3) Fosters weight reduction which delays Type 2
Exercise recommendations Correct Answer: Low intensity aerobic for 20-40 mins, 407 days/wk
When is the best time to exercise? Correct Answer: After meal
, Should you exercise if ketones are present? Correct Answer: No
When should you check BS when exercising? Correct Answer: Before and after
What do oral hypoglycemic agents do? (3) What type? Correct Answer: 1) Slow intestinal absorption of
CHO
2) Stimulate insulin secretion
3) Enhance insulin action
For Type 2
Examples of oral hypoglycemic decreasing insulin resistant agents Correct Answer: Biguanides and
thiazilinediones (TZD)
E.g. of oral hypoglycemic increased insulin secretion agents Correct Answer: Sulfonylureas, DPP-4
inhibitors, and incretin mimetic agents
What is a reason Metformin (glucophage) may not be given? Correct Answer: Kidney problems
Action of insulin (3) Correct Answer: 1) Moves glucose into cells
2) Stores glucose in the liver and muscles
3) Enhances fat storage
Side effect of insulin Correct Answer: Hypoglycemia
Types of insulin (5) Correct Answer: Short acting, rapid acting, intermediate acting, long acting, and
combos
Rapid acting insulins (2) Correct Answer: Insulin lispro (Humalog) and Insulin aspart (Novolog)
Short acting insulin Correct Answer: Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate acting insulin Correct Answer: Isophone Insulin-NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long acting insulin (3) Correct Answer: Insulin zinc extended-Ultralente (Humulin U), Insulin glargine
(Lantus) and Insulin detemir (Levemir)
Combos of Insulin (3) Correct Answer: NPH 70 and Reg 30 (Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30)
Lispro protamine 75 and lispro 25 (Humalog 75/25)
Why would you adjust the dose of insulin? (4) Correct Answer: BS, CHO intake, illness, level of activity
Hypoglycemia BS level Correct Answer: <70 mg/dl
Reasons for Hypoglycemia (6) Correct Answer: Too much insulin, sulfonylureas, low caloric intake,
excessive physical activity, N&V, and excessive alcohol intake
Alpha cells produce: Correct Answer: glucagon
Normal FBS Correct Answer: <100 mg/dl
Normal RBS Correct Answer: <140 mg/dl
Normal HbA1C Correct Answer: 4-6%
Diabetic FBS Correct Answer: >126 mg/dl
Diabetic HbA1C Correct Answer: >6.4%
Diabetes is the leading cause of (3): Correct Answer: Blindness, End stage renal disease, and
amputations
S/S of Increased BS (9) Correct Answer: Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyruia, acetone breath, Kussmaul
respirations, confusion, fatigue, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias
Type 1 diabetes Correct Answer: B cells do not produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes Correct Answer: Insulin resistance and/or relative insulin deficiency
Differences between Type 1 and 2 s/s Correct Answer: Type 1-Extreme hunger but rapid weight loss
Type 2-overweight
Both Type 1 and 2 S/S (10) Correct Answer: Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, N&V, acetone breath,
unconsciousness, slow healing, infections, numbness/tingling in hands and feet, and blurred vision
Medication that can lead to diabetes Correct Answer: steroids
Ketones Correct Answer: Result of fat breakdown found in blood and urine
Why would you lower protein in your diet if you are diabetic? From what to what? Correct Answer:
Renal impairment; From 15-20% to 10%
What should be the biggest part of a ADA diet? Correct Answer: CHO
How many glasses of alcohol can a diabetic have a day? Correct Answer: Male-2 or fewer
Female-1 or fewer
Benefits of exercise (3) Correct Answer: 1) Increase insulin sensitivity
2) Lower risk for CAD by increasing HDLs, and lower triglycerides and BP
3) Fosters weight reduction which delays Type 2
Exercise recommendations Correct Answer: Low intensity aerobic for 20-40 mins, 407 days/wk
When is the best time to exercise? Correct Answer: After meal
, Should you exercise if ketones are present? Correct Answer: No
When should you check BS when exercising? Correct Answer: Before and after
What do oral hypoglycemic agents do? (3) What type? Correct Answer: 1) Slow intestinal absorption of
CHO
2) Stimulate insulin secretion
3) Enhance insulin action
For Type 2
Examples of oral hypoglycemic decreasing insulin resistant agents Correct Answer: Biguanides and
thiazilinediones (TZD)
E.g. of oral hypoglycemic increased insulin secretion agents Correct Answer: Sulfonylureas, DPP-4
inhibitors, and incretin mimetic agents
What is a reason Metformin (glucophage) may not be given? Correct Answer: Kidney problems
Action of insulin (3) Correct Answer: 1) Moves glucose into cells
2) Stores glucose in the liver and muscles
3) Enhances fat storage
Side effect of insulin Correct Answer: Hypoglycemia
Types of insulin (5) Correct Answer: Short acting, rapid acting, intermediate acting, long acting, and
combos
Rapid acting insulins (2) Correct Answer: Insulin lispro (Humalog) and Insulin aspart (Novolog)
Short acting insulin Correct Answer: Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate acting insulin Correct Answer: Isophone Insulin-NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long acting insulin (3) Correct Answer: Insulin zinc extended-Ultralente (Humulin U), Insulin glargine
(Lantus) and Insulin detemir (Levemir)
Combos of Insulin (3) Correct Answer: NPH 70 and Reg 30 (Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30)
Lispro protamine 75 and lispro 25 (Humalog 75/25)
Why would you adjust the dose of insulin? (4) Correct Answer: BS, CHO intake, illness, level of activity
Hypoglycemia BS level Correct Answer: <70 mg/dl
Reasons for Hypoglycemia (6) Correct Answer: Too much insulin, sulfonylureas, low caloric intake,
excessive physical activity, N&V, and excessive alcohol intake
Alpha cells produce: Correct Answer: glucagon
