Cardiac Test 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE
Heart failure Correct Answer: The heart is incapable of maintaining a cardiac output adequate to
accommodate metabolic requirements
What happens to the ventricles of a failing heart? Correct Answer: They are dilated
What decreases when the LV dysfunctions? Correct Answer: Cardiac output and blood pressure
What causes heart failure (2)? Correct Answer: Severe cardiac muscle damage; chronic hypertension
When does high output heart failure occur? Correct Answer: When CO is normal or above normal but
the body's metabolic needs are not met
During systolic dysfunction the ventricle is unable to _____ forcefully enough during systole to eject
adequate amts of blood Correct Answer: Contract
During diastolic dysfunction the left ventricle is unable to ____ adequately during diastole Correct
Answer: Relax
Right heart failure characteristics (2) Correct Answer: Impaired right ventricular function
Fluid backs up into venous circulation
Characteristics of left ventricular failure (2) Correct Answer: Cardiac output decreases
Pulmonary congestion
Symptoms of decreased cardic output (10) Correct Answer: Fatigue, weakness, daytime oliguria, angina,
confusion, dizziness, tachy, palpitations, pallor, cool extremities
Symptoms of pulmonary congestion (7) Correct Answer: Cough worse at night, dyspnea, crackles or
wheezes, pleural effusion, tachypnea, pink frothy sputum, S3 and S4
Symptoms of right ventricular failure (6) Correct Answer: Jugular vein distention, enlarged liver and
spleen, anoxeria, dependent edema, swollen hands and fingers, polyuria at night
Inability of the ventricle to fill properly occurs in what type of heart failure? Correct Answer: Diastolic
What also decreases if K+ decreases? Correct Answer: Mg+
Stage A Correct Answer: Pt at high risk for developing HF w/no structural disorder of the heart
Stage B Correct Answer: Pt w/structural disorder w/o symptoms of HF
Stage C Correct Answer: Pt w/past or current symptoms assc. w/underlying structural heart disorder
Stage D Correct Answer: Pt w/end sage disease who requires specialized treatment strategies
, 2 potential complications: Correct Answer: Dysrhythmias, pneumonia
Intervention for impaired gas exchange Correct Answer: C-pap or Bi-pap
Side effects of ACE inhibitors (4) Correct Answer: Lowers BP, worsening of kidneys, chronic cough,
hyperkalemia
E.g. of ACE inhibitors (4) Correct Answer: Enalpril, Captopril, Lisinopril,
Side effects of ARBs: (4) Correct Answer: Hypotension, N,V,D
E.g. of ARBs Correct Answer: Losartan, valsartan, Candesartan
When are ARBs used? Correct Answer: When ACE inhibitors are not tolerated
What do Human B-type natriuretic peptides do? Correct Answer: Relaxes smooth mm to cause
vasodilation and excretes sodium
E.g. of direct vasodilators (2) Correct Answer: Hydralazine and isosorbide
How is preload reduced? Correct Answer: Diet, diuretics, venous vasodilators
What do diuretics do? Correct Answer: reduce circulating blood volume by stimulating renal excretion
of Na and H2O
E.g of loop diuretics (3) Correct Answer: Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide
E.g. of Thiazide diuretics (2) Correct Answer: Hydrocholorothiazide, metolazone
E.g. of potassium sparing diuretic Correct Answer: Spironolactone (aldactone)
What is a potassium sparing diuretic used in addition to? Correct Answer: ACE inhibitors
E.g. of venodilators (2) Correct Answer: Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide (Imdur)
What is a priority intervention during ACE therapy? Correct Answer: Monitoring BP
A patient receiving thiazide diuretic therapy should include what in their diet Correct Answer: Citrus
fruits and veggies
What is the action of digoxin? Correct Answer: Improves the force of contraction while decreasing HR
S/E of digoxin (4) Correct Answer: Anoxeria, mental status changes, arrhythmias, halo around light
Which labs should be checked when on digoxin? Correct Answer: dig level and K+
E.g. of IV inotropes (4) Correct Answer: Dobutamine, Inamrinone, Milrinone, Dopamine
Heart failure Correct Answer: The heart is incapable of maintaining a cardiac output adequate to
accommodate metabolic requirements
What happens to the ventricles of a failing heart? Correct Answer: They are dilated
What decreases when the LV dysfunctions? Correct Answer: Cardiac output and blood pressure
What causes heart failure (2)? Correct Answer: Severe cardiac muscle damage; chronic hypertension
When does high output heart failure occur? Correct Answer: When CO is normal or above normal but
the body's metabolic needs are not met
During systolic dysfunction the ventricle is unable to _____ forcefully enough during systole to eject
adequate amts of blood Correct Answer: Contract
During diastolic dysfunction the left ventricle is unable to ____ adequately during diastole Correct
Answer: Relax
Right heart failure characteristics (2) Correct Answer: Impaired right ventricular function
Fluid backs up into venous circulation
Characteristics of left ventricular failure (2) Correct Answer: Cardiac output decreases
Pulmonary congestion
Symptoms of decreased cardic output (10) Correct Answer: Fatigue, weakness, daytime oliguria, angina,
confusion, dizziness, tachy, palpitations, pallor, cool extremities
Symptoms of pulmonary congestion (7) Correct Answer: Cough worse at night, dyspnea, crackles or
wheezes, pleural effusion, tachypnea, pink frothy sputum, S3 and S4
Symptoms of right ventricular failure (6) Correct Answer: Jugular vein distention, enlarged liver and
spleen, anoxeria, dependent edema, swollen hands and fingers, polyuria at night
Inability of the ventricle to fill properly occurs in what type of heart failure? Correct Answer: Diastolic
What also decreases if K+ decreases? Correct Answer: Mg+
Stage A Correct Answer: Pt at high risk for developing HF w/no structural disorder of the heart
Stage B Correct Answer: Pt w/structural disorder w/o symptoms of HF
Stage C Correct Answer: Pt w/past or current symptoms assc. w/underlying structural heart disorder
Stage D Correct Answer: Pt w/end sage disease who requires specialized treatment strategies
, 2 potential complications: Correct Answer: Dysrhythmias, pneumonia
Intervention for impaired gas exchange Correct Answer: C-pap or Bi-pap
Side effects of ACE inhibitors (4) Correct Answer: Lowers BP, worsening of kidneys, chronic cough,
hyperkalemia
E.g. of ACE inhibitors (4) Correct Answer: Enalpril, Captopril, Lisinopril,
Side effects of ARBs: (4) Correct Answer: Hypotension, N,V,D
E.g. of ARBs Correct Answer: Losartan, valsartan, Candesartan
When are ARBs used? Correct Answer: When ACE inhibitors are not tolerated
What do Human B-type natriuretic peptides do? Correct Answer: Relaxes smooth mm to cause
vasodilation and excretes sodium
E.g. of direct vasodilators (2) Correct Answer: Hydralazine and isosorbide
How is preload reduced? Correct Answer: Diet, diuretics, venous vasodilators
What do diuretics do? Correct Answer: reduce circulating blood volume by stimulating renal excretion
of Na and H2O
E.g of loop diuretics (3) Correct Answer: Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide
E.g. of Thiazide diuretics (2) Correct Answer: Hydrocholorothiazide, metolazone
E.g. of potassium sparing diuretic Correct Answer: Spironolactone (aldactone)
What is a potassium sparing diuretic used in addition to? Correct Answer: ACE inhibitors
E.g. of venodilators (2) Correct Answer: Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide (Imdur)
What is a priority intervention during ACE therapy? Correct Answer: Monitoring BP
A patient receiving thiazide diuretic therapy should include what in their diet Correct Answer: Citrus
fruits and veggies
What is the action of digoxin? Correct Answer: Improves the force of contraction while decreasing HR
S/E of digoxin (4) Correct Answer: Anoxeria, mental status changes, arrhythmias, halo around light
Which labs should be checked when on digoxin? Correct Answer: dig level and K+
E.g. of IV inotropes (4) Correct Answer: Dobutamine, Inamrinone, Milrinone, Dopamine
