Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Thursday, 10th March 2022
The three main macronutrients (disregarding water) are lipids, carbohydrates
and proteins.
They simplest forms are amino acids, glucose and amino acids which more
into the blood.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are the main
monosaccharides.
Sucrose (Gl + Fr), lactose (Gl + Ga) and maltose (Gl + Gl) are the main
disaccharides.
Polysaccharides are 10 or more units long and include glycogen, starch and
cellulose.
Glucose is stored in the liver, muscles and adipose tissue and is used in the
brain, kidneys and muscles.
About half is stored and the other half used immediately.
Electrons from food molecules are shuttled in carriers in redox reactions.
Reducing compounds (sugars, proteins etc) loose electrons while oxidising
agents receive these electrons.
Electrons are shuttled usually as H and when they move across membranes
they generate useful work.
The reaction of respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP
Glycolysis is anaerobic
and takes place in the
Carbohydrate Metabolism: 1
, cytoplasm, the Krebs
cycle in the mitochondria
and phosphorylation
using electrons (e-)
which is aerobic and
produces most of the
ATP and takes place in
mitochondria.
NADH is the body’s main
electron carrier.
FADH2 is another
but is not as
common. \
At each step of
respiration energy and
electron carriers are
made which are both
used to make more ATP
(net positive).
ATP is made via substrate level phosphorylation and electron transport
phosphorylation.
SLP occurs when a substrate molecule has a phosphate which using an
enzyme is pulled off and added onto ADP to form ATP (chemical).
ETP uses free energy and passive work generated via the controlled
diffusion of H+ ions to combine ADP and an inorganic phosphate together to
from ATP (mechanical).
Driven by the chemiosmotic gradient from this passive diffusion.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis is a nine step process and is the first part of cellular respiration.
The net gain is two ATPs and two NADHs.
Four ATPs are made but two are used.
In simplicity, there is an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: 2
Thursday, 10th March 2022
The three main macronutrients (disregarding water) are lipids, carbohydrates
and proteins.
They simplest forms are amino acids, glucose and amino acids which more
into the blood.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are the main
monosaccharides.
Sucrose (Gl + Fr), lactose (Gl + Ga) and maltose (Gl + Gl) are the main
disaccharides.
Polysaccharides are 10 or more units long and include glycogen, starch and
cellulose.
Glucose is stored in the liver, muscles and adipose tissue and is used in the
brain, kidneys and muscles.
About half is stored and the other half used immediately.
Electrons from food molecules are shuttled in carriers in redox reactions.
Reducing compounds (sugars, proteins etc) loose electrons while oxidising
agents receive these electrons.
Electrons are shuttled usually as H and when they move across membranes
they generate useful work.
The reaction of respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP
Glycolysis is anaerobic
and takes place in the
Carbohydrate Metabolism: 1
, cytoplasm, the Krebs
cycle in the mitochondria
and phosphorylation
using electrons (e-)
which is aerobic and
produces most of the
ATP and takes place in
mitochondria.
NADH is the body’s main
electron carrier.
FADH2 is another
but is not as
common. \
At each step of
respiration energy and
electron carriers are
made which are both
used to make more ATP
(net positive).
ATP is made via substrate level phosphorylation and electron transport
phosphorylation.
SLP occurs when a substrate molecule has a phosphate which using an
enzyme is pulled off and added onto ADP to form ATP (chemical).
ETP uses free energy and passive work generated via the controlled
diffusion of H+ ions to combine ADP and an inorganic phosphate together to
from ATP (mechanical).
Driven by the chemiosmotic gradient from this passive diffusion.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis is a nine step process and is the first part of cellular respiration.
The net gain is two ATPs and two NADHs.
Four ATPs are made but two are used.
In simplicity, there is an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: 2
