Conceptofsex.
WHOdef i
nessexasbi ol
ogicalandorphysi
calattr
ibutethatdif
fer
anti
atesmanand
woman. bi
ologicalxst
icsdefineshumanbeingsasaf emal eandmal e.
whil
etheseset
sof
biol
ogicalxst
icsar enotusuallyexcl
usi
vear etherethuswhopossesbot h,.
areboth
femaleandmal e.Wecant here4defi
nesexast hebi ol
ogicaldi
sti
ncti
onsbtnmenand
women.
Gender .
Referstowhatseemssoci al
izedorlearnedi nthebehav i
orbt nmenand
women. Itsanacqui redidenti
t yt
hatisl earnedandchangesov ert
ime. i
tvar
iesaccross
cult
ures.Genderi sthe4mor esoci alandcul t
uralthanuniversal
.it
sdy namic.Gender
i
mpl i
esi nequali
ties,
divi
sionsanddi f
ferencessociall
yconstructedaroundassumed
dist
incti
onsbt nf emaleandmal e.there4itrefer
st osociall
yconstructedrolesof
behaviours,acti
vi
t i
esandat tr
ibutesthatagi vensocietyconsindersformaleorf emale.
It
al
sor eferstohowwear eper cei
vedandexpect edtothinkandactasmenorwomen
accordingtot hewaysoci et
ydefinest heconceptmascul ini
tyorfemi ni
ty
Theori
esonor igi
nanduni ver
sali
tyofgenderdif
fer
ences.Gendersoci
all
ydetermi
nes
power,rol
es,expectati
ons,behavi
ours,
clai
msandent it
tl
ement sf
orwomenand
men,gi
rlsandboy s.maleenfemalearebornwhilemenandwomenar emade. i
t
suggeststhatmaleandf emalearebiol
ogical
consti
tuentswhil
emasculini
tyand
femini
tyaresocallyconstr
ucted.
1.
Biol
ogi
cal
xpr
essi
ons-
I
tsalsor
efer
edt
oasbi
ologi
cal
dter
mini
sm t
heor
y/sexessent
ial
i
stt
heor
y/t
heor
yof
nat
ure.
St
atesdatmal
eandf
emal
ear
edi
ffbi
ologi
cal
l
y/phy
sical
l
y
St
art
swi
tht
hebr
ainbi
ologi
cal
expr
essi
ons.
Inth19thcentinEnglandt
herewasanar gumentsdatwaadv ancedtojust
if
ywomen
exclusi
onfrm accessi
nghi
gheredu.Arguedthat@. womenhadl esserbrai
nsandthre4
theycudntcompet emeninthei
rfi
elds.
(b)t
hattherewasalinkbtnawoman' swomb
andherbrainthatshudntbexposedt ointel
l
ectualvi
gourwchwl laff
ectchil
dbear
ing.
Thesear
gument
shavbnr
ecent
lypopul
ari
sedbyano.
ofschol
arseg.
AnnMoarenDav idJessel,
"BrainenSex"1989.Stat
edatthesexwi l
neverbeequal
becoztheirbrainsaresimplydi ffxoourquestforequali
tyi
sFut i
le.
theyprovides
sci
enti
fi
cexpl anations(i
nev i
tablyofwomensur bodinati
on).
theyareequal i
n
member shipoft hesamespeci es;humanki
nd.Tomaintaindattheyaredesam i n
att
it
udes,skl
ls,enbehaviour.
tosuppor tt
hisFrankinhisbook"Genderdi f
ferencesar
e
,real
"sayst
hatmanenwomenar enotonl
yr emar
kabl
ydi
ffi
nhor
monesthatdr
ivedem
buttheyar
ealsodi
ffi
nthei
rbr
ains.
Thebr
ainsofmenenwomenareact
ual
lywidel
ydi
ff.
ProfRobertNadeauinhi
sbook"He/shebrai
n:science,
sexualpol
i
ticsandf
emeni st
mv t
"(
1997)saystathumanbei
ngsardi
vi
dedinto2sexesi nthatwayhesay sthatthe
di
ffinsexspecif
ichumanbrai
ns.Condi
ti
onawi derangeofbehaviourswchar
associ
atedwithmenandwomen. Hesayst
hatthehumanbr ai
nislargel
ydi
vi
dedinto2;
>t
hepr
imi
ti
vear
ea
>t
hehi
gherr
egi
on/
neocor
texr
egi
on.
Theneocor
texi
sfur
thrdev
idedi
nto2,
i
ethel
eftandr
ighthemi
spher
e.
Thel efthemi spherecontrollanguage, bobymv ts,bodyexpressi
onsandvoccal
i
nt onations.Ther i
ghthemi spher eint
erpretesrelat
ionshi
pofspace,r
esponsibl
efor
facialexpressionsandemot ionalsti
mul i
.Inrelati
ont othi
shesaysthatst
udieshave
beenmadet hatproblem solvingt asksinfemal ebr ai
nar ehandl
edbyboth
atmospher eswhi l
einmal ebr ai
nonlyonehemi sphereisusedtosol
vedesam
statement .
Spleni
um i
sapor t
ionofthebrainthatisresponsi
bleforbehavi
ouri nwomen,enhances
awarenessofemot i
onal
lyrel
ev antdetai
ls,
vi
sualcues( smi
li
ng),ver
balnui
sances(
clear
pronounct
ion)
.si
mi l
aryt
hissplenium isr
esponsibleformeninfantsbei
ngmor e
i
nterest
edinobjectswhil
efemal einfant
sr espondingmorereadlytoahumanv oi
ce.
Amy gdal
a..
.i
sapor t
ionoft
hebrai
nresponsi
blef
oeint
erpreti
ngemot
ionalcont
enti
fan
experi
ence.t
hishel
psusexplai
nywomenar eli
kel
ytodevelopdi
sor
dersandymenar e
pronetoalcohol
ism endr
ugabuse
Ronarl
dKotunak"GenderenBr ain"2006"di
sput est heprocessofsocial
i
sationasapr e-
deter
minantofourbehav i
our.
hebaseshi sargumentonanexper imentwherefemal e
andmalemonkeyi nf ant
swat hr
owni nacageanddol l
sandt ruckswathrownint he
cage.hewastryi
ngt oseewhet herthesebehav ioursareinourmi ndorwelearn.t
he
malemonkeydeliberatel
ymov esawaywhi l
et hef emalestart
spl ay
ingwit
ht hedoll
.t
he
maleonewentf orthet r
ucks.
sot hesebehaviour sar ei
nourmi nds,
Mi
chael
Lev
in"
femi
nism enf
reedom"
Saysthati
ngener al
maleshav
ebetterskl
lsinmathsthanfemale.t
hesedi
ff
.sare
i
nbornandt heyhavetoduwithhowourbr ai
nsareanalysed.
womenar emuchmor e
speci
ali
zedinlanguagesandv
ocabularyt
asks.t
hesedif
fsshudnotbeusedas
evi
denceast oyonesgenderi
ssuperiort
hantheotherinthei
ssuesspeci
ali
zat
ion.
,EdgarBer
man(
medi
cal
doct
or)
26thJuly1970wr oteanar ticlei
nNewy ok.
..
."
thei
rphysi
calandpsychol
ogicali
nhabi
tant
s
thatli
mitthefemal es'potential
".IwouldratherhaveaJ.FKennedyMakt heCubacr i
sis
decisi
onthatthef emal eoft hesameagewhocoul dpossibl
ybethesubjectt
ot he
ragi
nghomonesandcur iousment al
harbourati
onsoft
hesameage. ..
."
womenwa
unabletoholdleader shipduet ot hei
rragi
nghor monali
mbalance"
.
Genet
icmakeup.
Ri
char
dDawi
ns'
Sel
fi
shGene"
1976
Wast oanal ysethef actorbehi ndl abourdi v i
sionbynat ur einchilsrearing.Radical
feministsof1950' s-60'sar guedt hatchi l
dr earingshudbef orbothpar ent sbutnot
mot heralone.thedi v i
sionofl abouri nchi ldrear i
ngar isesf rom agenedi sti
nctof
survival.
hesay st hatt heact ivit
iesi nvolvedi nr earingachi ldarenotat tractive.t
here4
thereisabat tlebt nt he2sexesonwhoi sresponsi bl
ef ornur turi
ngact iviti
es.Rechard
arguest hatsincechi ldrearingact i
vit
iesar enott hatat tract i
vedenwomenenment ry
togeteachot hert oi nvestpar ent all
yinof fspringandi nt hisquestofi nv esti
ment
womenar edisadv ant aged.Hear guest hatthe9mont hsofgest at
ionisdeper i
odof
i
nv estmentandt hemani slesseri nvolv ed.i
sonl yi nvolvedi ntheconcept ion
process.Dur i
ngt hese9mont hsmenmakesur et hatthei rgenei sspreadoutbyi nv
olvi
ng
i
nsexwi thotherwomenbutt hewomancannot ..
.hear guest hatwomenar eboundt obe
pri
mar ycaretakersbyv i
rtueoft heirgreatbi ological i
nv est menti nthechi ld.
JohnBowl
by"
Att
achmentt
heor
y"
Themosti mpor tantt enenti st hatay oungchi ldneedsasecur erelat
iont oasi ngle
primarycar egi vert ot hischi l
dt ohav eanor mal chil
ddv t
.Ther eisagenet i
callybased
psychol ogicalneedf oracl oseandi ntimat emot herc-chil
dr elati
onship.Het her e
arguest hatt hemot her ingr oleisi nmat elyatt achedt ot hef emal e. A
studycasemadei nEgy ptamongt heki bbutzcommuni ty<collecti
velyofagr i
cultural
ppleini srael>in1970sbyNat hanFoxi nwhchhewant edt ocompar etheef f
ect s
experiencedbyki bbut zchi l
drenwhenr emov edf rmt heirmot her scompar edt owhen
remov edf rmt hei rcar et akers.kibbutzchi ldreni mmedi atelyaf t
rbirthwadet achedf rom
theirmot hersandt akent ocar ecent erswhchwamannedbycar etakers(met apelets).
It
wasf oundt hatwhent heygotsepar atedgotst ressedbutt heywasi gnificantlymor e
destressedaf trmot hersepar at i
on.Thechi l
dseemedt obemor eatt
achedt ot hemot her
andt hiswasmani fest edt hrot hechi l
d'spr ot estt osubsequentsepar ationf rom t he
mot herwhenmet apel et swai ntroducedt othem.
Theanat
omi
cal
argument
senhowi
tsusedasasour
ceofexpl
anat
ionofgender
, di
vi
sion.
I
tsbasedonf
unct
ional
i
sm t
heor
yandsy
stem t
heor
y.
Geor
gePet
erMur
doch"
soci
alst
ruct
ure"
Biologi caldi f
f.ssuchasaman' ssuper i
orst rengthandawoman' spsy chological
burdenofpr egnancyandl act ation.these2l eadst ogenderroleoutof" sheer
pract i
cabi l
ity"iei tsonl
ypr actical thatmenshudunder t
akecertai
nact i
v i
tiescozt hey
aredet ermi nedbyt hei
rsuper iorst rengthandwomenar eassignedt oot herless
strainingact i
vitiesduet ot hepsy chol ogical processestheyander go.Hesay st hatman
super iorst rengt henablest hem under takest r
ainerstasksbutwomenar erest r
icted
byt hephy siologi calprocessest oper forml esserjobswi chcanonl ybeper formedi nor
nearhome. Mur dochsugggest st hatt hese2r olesshouldnotbeseent obehi erachy cal
butcompl ement ingforthef ami lyuni ttof xnwel l.OnMot herchil
dr lati
onshpmur doch
say sthati tsf oundedi nt hephy siologi calfactofpr egnancyandl actation.Pr egnancy
andl act ati
onar esuppor tedbyasor tofi nnatemechani sms.Amot hers' t
ensioni s
rel
easedt hr oughsuckl ingbyt hechi l
d.Thet ensi onisapartofthei nnat e
machani sm. Whenamot heri ssoomuchi nvolvedinmat ter
stodowi thcar i
ngt hechi l
d
andt hef atherisf r
eecangeti nv olvedt ohel pt hemot herperf
orm someofhert askseg
cooki ng.Sexasf xnsoli
di fi
est her shpbt nthe2coupl es.
Tal
coTT-
per
son'
s<f
unct
ional
i
st>
Arguest hatgenderdi
visi
onsar i
sefrmi ndustri
ali
zati
on( wrong).inindustr
ial
societi
es
womenar enotinvol
vedinpay edempl oyment. Womenar emai nlyinvolv
edwi t
hinthe
famil
yt osociali
zechil
drenandt opr ovi
deast ableemot ionalenvt hatentai
l
s
cushioningthehardworknghusbandf rm st
renouswor ks.Themansr ol
eistowor kto
earnmoneyandsuppor tthefamilyv.Thewomansr oleofsoci al
isation<expr
essive
rol
e>.themansr oleofhardworkngi stheInstr
ument alrole.
Expressi ver
oleshudpr ovi
de
:soci
al securi
ty,
emoti
onal support,
warmt htothefami l
y.t
hei nstrumentalrol
eis
encompasedwi thanxi
etyandst ress..
St
evenGol
bir
g(mal
edomi
nance;
thei
nev
itabi
l
ityofpat
ri
ach)
Maledomi nancei suniver
sal.Inallsoci
alinsti
tutionsmendomi natewomen. Hel ocates
thi
sdor mi nanceinahumandv t.Thedormi nancei sbiologicalandi tsfoundinapopul ar
system wi thi
nahumanbi ologyaf xnwchi sdiffinmal esandf emal es.
it
sreferredtoas
Neur oentocrinesystem.Thissystmi sani nteractionbtnst i
mul ationofnervousandt he
product i
onofhor monesandi tfxnsdiff
erentlyinsexes. Golbir
gdi sputestheasser ti
on
bysoci alscienti
ststhatgenderr el
atedbehav oiour sar
el earned.Hesay sthatitsnot
l
earned. Hesay sthatsocial
isationiti
sinconf ormi tywiththebehav i
ouralpatter
nsdat
WHOdef i
nessexasbi ol
ogicalandorphysi
calattr
ibutethatdif
fer
anti
atesmanand
woman. bi
ologicalxst
icsdefineshumanbeingsasaf emal eandmal e.
whil
etheseset
sof
biol
ogicalxst
icsar enotusuallyexcl
usi
vear etherethuswhopossesbot h,.
areboth
femaleandmal e.Wecant here4defi
nesexast hebi ol
ogicaldi
sti
ncti
onsbtnmenand
women.
Gender .
Referstowhatseemssoci al
izedorlearnedi nthebehav i
orbt nmenand
women. Itsanacqui redidenti
t yt
hatisl earnedandchangesov ert
ime. i
tvar
iesaccross
cult
ures.Genderi sthe4mor esoci alandcul t
uralthanuniversal
.it
sdy namic.Gender
i
mpl i
esi nequali
ties,
divi
sionsanddi f
ferencessociall
yconstructedaroundassumed
dist
incti
onsbt nf emaleandmal e.there4itrefer
st osociall
yconstructedrolesof
behaviours,acti
vi
t i
esandat tr
ibutesthatagi vensocietyconsindersformaleorf emale.
It
al
sor eferstohowwear eper cei
vedandexpect edtothinkandactasmenorwomen
accordingtot hewaysoci et
ydefinest heconceptmascul ini
tyorfemi ni
ty
Theori
esonor igi
nanduni ver
sali
tyofgenderdif
fer
ences.Gendersoci
all
ydetermi
nes
power,rol
es,expectati
ons,behavi
ours,
clai
msandent it
tl
ement sf
orwomenand
men,gi
rlsandboy s.maleenfemalearebornwhilemenandwomenar emade. i
t
suggeststhatmaleandf emalearebiol
ogical
consti
tuentswhil
emasculini
tyand
femini
tyaresocallyconstr
ucted.
1.
Biol
ogi
cal
xpr
essi
ons-
I
tsalsor
efer
edt
oasbi
ologi
cal
dter
mini
sm t
heor
y/sexessent
ial
i
stt
heor
y/t
heor
yof
nat
ure.
St
atesdatmal
eandf
emal
ear
edi
ffbi
ologi
cal
l
y/phy
sical
l
y
St
art
swi
tht
hebr
ainbi
ologi
cal
expr
essi
ons.
Inth19thcentinEnglandt
herewasanar gumentsdatwaadv ancedtojust
if
ywomen
exclusi
onfrm accessi
nghi
gheredu.Arguedthat@. womenhadl esserbrai
nsandthre4
theycudntcompet emeninthei
rfi
elds.
(b)t
hattherewasalinkbtnawoman' swomb
andherbrainthatshudntbexposedt ointel
l
ectualvi
gourwchwl laff
ectchil
dbear
ing.
Thesear
gument
shavbnr
ecent
lypopul
ari
sedbyano.
ofschol
arseg.
AnnMoarenDav idJessel,
"BrainenSex"1989.Stat
edatthesexwi l
neverbeequal
becoztheirbrainsaresimplydi ffxoourquestforequali
tyi
sFut i
le.
theyprovides
sci
enti
fi
cexpl anations(i
nev i
tablyofwomensur bodinati
on).
theyareequal i
n
member shipoft hesamespeci es;humanki
nd.Tomaintaindattheyaredesam i n
att
it
udes,skl
ls,enbehaviour.
tosuppor tt
hisFrankinhisbook"Genderdi f
ferencesar
e
,real
"sayst
hatmanenwomenar enotonl
yr emar
kabl
ydi
ffi
nhor
monesthatdr
ivedem
buttheyar
ealsodi
ffi
nthei
rbr
ains.
Thebr
ainsofmenenwomenareact
ual
lywidel
ydi
ff.
ProfRobertNadeauinhi
sbook"He/shebrai
n:science,
sexualpol
i
ticsandf
emeni st
mv t
"(
1997)saystathumanbei
ngsardi
vi
dedinto2sexesi nthatwayhesay sthatthe
di
ffinsexspecif
ichumanbrai
ns.Condi
ti
onawi derangeofbehaviourswchar
associ
atedwithmenandwomen. Hesayst
hatthehumanbr ai
nislargel
ydi
vi
dedinto2;
>t
hepr
imi
ti
vear
ea
>t
hehi
gherr
egi
on/
neocor
texr
egi
on.
Theneocor
texi
sfur
thrdev
idedi
nto2,
i
ethel
eftandr
ighthemi
spher
e.
Thel efthemi spherecontrollanguage, bobymv ts,bodyexpressi
onsandvoccal
i
nt onations.Ther i
ghthemi spher eint
erpretesrelat
ionshi
pofspace,r
esponsibl
efor
facialexpressionsandemot ionalsti
mul i
.Inrelati
ont othi
shesaysthatst
udieshave
beenmadet hatproblem solvingt asksinfemal ebr ai
nar ehandl
edbyboth
atmospher eswhi l
einmal ebr ai
nonlyonehemi sphereisusedtosol
vedesam
statement .
Spleni
um i
sapor t
ionofthebrainthatisresponsi
bleforbehavi
ouri nwomen,enhances
awarenessofemot i
onal
lyrel
ev antdetai
ls,
vi
sualcues( smi
li
ng),ver
balnui
sances(
clear
pronounct
ion)
.si
mi l
aryt
hissplenium isr
esponsibleformeninfantsbei
ngmor e
i
nterest
edinobjectswhil
efemal einfant
sr espondingmorereadlytoahumanv oi
ce.
Amy gdal
a..
.i
sapor t
ionoft
hebrai
nresponsi
blef
oeint
erpreti
ngemot
ionalcont
enti
fan
experi
ence.t
hishel
psusexplai
nywomenar eli
kel
ytodevelopdi
sor
dersandymenar e
pronetoalcohol
ism endr
ugabuse
Ronarl
dKotunak"GenderenBr ain"2006"di
sput est heprocessofsocial
i
sationasapr e-
deter
minantofourbehav i
our.
hebaseshi sargumentonanexper imentwherefemal e
andmalemonkeyi nf ant
swat hr
owni nacageanddol l
sandt ruckswathrownint he
cage.hewastryi
ngt oseewhet herthesebehav ioursareinourmi ndorwelearn.t
he
malemonkeydeliberatel
ymov esawaywhi l
et hef emalestart
spl ay
ingwit
ht hedoll
.t
he
maleonewentf orthet r
ucks.
sot hesebehaviour sar ei
nourmi nds,
Mi
chael
Lev
in"
femi
nism enf
reedom"
Saysthati
ngener al
maleshav
ebetterskl
lsinmathsthanfemale.t
hesedi
ff
.sare
i
nbornandt heyhavetoduwithhowourbr ai
nsareanalysed.
womenar emuchmor e
speci
ali
zedinlanguagesandv
ocabularyt
asks.t
hesedif
fsshudnotbeusedas
evi
denceast oyonesgenderi
ssuperiort
hantheotherinthei
ssuesspeci
ali
zat
ion.
,EdgarBer
man(
medi
cal
doct
or)
26thJuly1970wr oteanar ticlei
nNewy ok.
..
."
thei
rphysi
calandpsychol
ogicali
nhabi
tant
s
thatli
mitthefemal es'potential
".IwouldratherhaveaJ.FKennedyMakt heCubacr i
sis
decisi
onthatthef emal eoft hesameagewhocoul dpossibl
ybethesubjectt
ot he
ragi
nghomonesandcur iousment al
harbourati
onsoft
hesameage. ..
."
womenwa
unabletoholdleader shipduet ot hei
rragi
nghor monali
mbalance"
.
Genet
icmakeup.
Ri
char
dDawi
ns'
Sel
fi
shGene"
1976
Wast oanal ysethef actorbehi ndl abourdi v i
sionbynat ur einchilsrearing.Radical
feministsof1950' s-60'sar guedt hatchi l
dr earingshudbef orbothpar ent sbutnot
mot heralone.thedi v i
sionofl abouri nchi ldrear i
ngar isesf rom agenedi sti
nctof
survival.
hesay st hatt heact ivit
iesi nvolvedi nr earingachi ldarenotat tractive.t
here4
thereisabat tlebt nt he2sexesonwhoi sresponsi bl
ef ornur turi
ngact iviti
es.Rechard
arguest hatsincechi ldrearingact i
vit
iesar enott hatat tract i
vedenwomenenment ry
togeteachot hert oi nvestpar ent all
yinof fspringandi nt hisquestofi nv esti
ment
womenar edisadv ant aged.Hear guest hatthe9mont hsofgest at
ionisdeper i
odof
i
nv estmentandt hemani slesseri nvolv ed.i
sonl yi nvolvedi ntheconcept ion
process.Dur i
ngt hese9mont hsmenmakesur et hatthei rgenei sspreadoutbyi nv
olvi
ng
i
nsexwi thotherwomenbutt hewomancannot ..
.hear guest hatwomenar eboundt obe
pri
mar ycaretakersbyv i
rtueoft heirgreatbi ological i
nv est menti nthechi ld.
JohnBowl
by"
Att
achmentt
heor
y"
Themosti mpor tantt enenti st hatay oungchi ldneedsasecur erelat
iont oasi ngle
primarycar egi vert ot hischi l
dt ohav eanor mal chil
ddv t
.Ther eisagenet i
callybased
psychol ogicalneedf oracl oseandi ntimat emot herc-chil
dr elati
onship.Het her e
arguest hatt hemot her ingr oleisi nmat elyatt achedt ot hef emal e. A
studycasemadei nEgy ptamongt heki bbutzcommuni ty<collecti
velyofagr i
cultural
ppleini srael>in1970sbyNat hanFoxi nwhchhewant edt ocompar etheef f
ect s
experiencedbyki bbut zchi l
drenwhenr emov edf rmt heirmot her scompar edt owhen
remov edf rmt hei rcar et akers.kibbutzchi ldreni mmedi atelyaf t
rbirthwadet achedf rom
theirmot hersandt akent ocar ecent erswhchwamannedbycar etakers(met apelets).
It
wasf oundt hatwhent heygotsepar atedgotst ressedbutt heywasi gnificantlymor e
destressedaf trmot hersepar at i
on.Thechi l
dseemedt obemor eatt
achedt ot hemot her
andt hiswasmani fest edt hrot hechi l
d'spr ot estt osubsequentsepar ationf rom t he
mot herwhenmet apel et swai ntroducedt othem.
Theanat
omi
cal
argument
senhowi
tsusedasasour
ceofexpl
anat
ionofgender
, di
vi
sion.
I
tsbasedonf
unct
ional
i
sm t
heor
yandsy
stem t
heor
y.
Geor
gePet
erMur
doch"
soci
alst
ruct
ure"
Biologi caldi f
f.ssuchasaman' ssuper i
orst rengthandawoman' spsy chological
burdenofpr egnancyandl act ation.these2l eadst ogenderroleoutof" sheer
pract i
cabi l
ity"iei tsonl
ypr actical thatmenshudunder t
akecertai
nact i
v i
tiescozt hey
aredet ermi nedbyt hei
rsuper iorst rengthandwomenar eassignedt oot herless
strainingact i
vitiesduet ot hepsy chol ogical processestheyander go.Hesay st hatman
super iorst rengt henablest hem under takest r
ainerstasksbutwomenar erest r
icted
byt hephy siologi calprocessest oper forml esserjobswi chcanonl ybeper formedi nor
nearhome. Mur dochsugggest st hatt hese2r olesshouldnotbeseent obehi erachy cal
butcompl ement ingforthef ami lyuni ttof xnwel l.OnMot herchil
dr lati
onshpmur doch
say sthati tsf oundedi nt hephy siologi calfactofpr egnancyandl actation.Pr egnancy
andl act ati
onar esuppor tedbyasor tofi nnatemechani sms.Amot hers' t
ensioni s
rel
easedt hr oughsuckl ingbyt hechi l
d.Thet ensi onisapartofthei nnat e
machani sm. Whenamot heri ssoomuchi nvolvedinmat ter
stodowi thcar i
ngt hechi l
d
andt hef atherisf r
eecangeti nv olvedt ohel pt hemot herperf
orm someofhert askseg
cooki ng.Sexasf xnsoli
di fi
est her shpbt nthe2coupl es.
Tal
coTT-
per
son'
s<f
unct
ional
i
st>
Arguest hatgenderdi
visi
onsar i
sefrmi ndustri
ali
zati
on( wrong).inindustr
ial
societi
es
womenar enotinvol
vedinpay edempl oyment. Womenar emai nlyinvolv
edwi t
hinthe
famil
yt osociali
zechil
drenandt opr ovi
deast ableemot ionalenvt hatentai
l
s
cushioningthehardworknghusbandf rm st
renouswor ks.Themansr ol
eistowor kto
earnmoneyandsuppor tthefamilyv.Thewomansr oleofsoci al
isation<expr
essive
rol
e>.themansr oleofhardworkngi stheInstr
ument alrole.
Expressi ver
oleshudpr ovi
de
:soci
al securi
ty,
emoti
onal support,
warmt htothefami l
y.t
hei nstrumentalrol
eis
encompasedwi thanxi
etyandst ress..
St
evenGol
bir
g(mal
edomi
nance;
thei
nev
itabi
l
ityofpat
ri
ach)
Maledomi nancei suniver
sal.Inallsoci
alinsti
tutionsmendomi natewomen. Hel ocates
thi
sdor mi nanceinahumandv t.Thedormi nancei sbiologicalandi tsfoundinapopul ar
system wi thi
nahumanbi ologyaf xnwchi sdiffinmal esandf emal es.
it
sreferredtoas
Neur oentocrinesystem.Thissystmi sani nteractionbtnst i
mul ationofnervousandt he
product i
onofhor monesandi tfxnsdiff
erentlyinsexes. Golbir
gdi sputestheasser ti
on
bysoci alscienti
ststhatgenderr el
atedbehav oiour sar
el earned.Hesay sthatitsnot
l
earned. Hesay sthatsocial
isationiti
sinconf ormi tywiththebehav i
ouralpatter
nsdat
