NR302-HEALTH ASSESSMENT I EXAM 2
There are 50 questions on this exam. There are 2 select all that apply questions
Chapter 12: 6 questions
A & P of the layers of the skin Two Layer
1. Epidermis & Dermis
Epidermis – Outer layer Completely replaces every 4 weeks
Highly differentiated
Thin but tough
Avascular & nourished by blood vessels in the dermis
Stratified into several zones
o Basel cell Layer – Forms new skin cells
major ingredient: fibrous protein Keratin
Melanocytes produce pigment melanin
Gives brown tones to skin & hair
Everyone has melanocytes, however amount of melanin they produce
varies with genetic, hormonal, environmental
As new cells migrate up they flatten into the outer horny cell layer
o Horny cell layer – dead keratinized cells closely packed & constantly shed or
desquamated & replaced w/ new cells
Dermis Inner supportive layer
Consisting mostly of: Connective tissue, or collage:
Tough, fibrous protein that enables the skin to resist tearing
o Resilient elastic tissue that allows the skin to stretch w/ body movement
o Nerves
o Sensory receptors
o Blood vessels
o Lymphatics
o Appendages from the epidermis embedded in the dermis
o Hair follicles
o Sebaceous glands & sweat glands
2. Subcutaneous Layer
Adipose tissue (lobules of fat cells)
Stores fat for energy
Provides insulation for temperature control
Aids in protection
Gives skin increased mobility over structures underneath
9 Function of the Skin: Skin is a waterproof, almost indestructible covering that has protective and
adaptive properties
Protection Minimize injury Wound repair replacement of surface wounds
, Prevents penetration barrier stops invasion Communication Blushing/Blanching signal emotion
microorganisms & loss of water & electrolytes
Perception vast sensory surface touch, pain, Production of Vitamin D UV light converts cholesterol into
temperature, and pressure Vitamin D.
Temperature regulation Heat Absorption and excretion limited excretion of some
Insulation/dissipation metabolic wastes, by-products of cellular decomposition
Identification unique facial characteristics, hair,
skin color, and even fingerprints
Hair
Threads of keratin
Two types of hair:
I. Vellus hair: covers most of the body (except palms and soles, dorsa of the distal parts of the fingers, umbilicus,
glans penis, inside the labia)
II. Terminal hair: darker, thicker hair that grows on the scalp and eyebrows and after puberty on the axillae,
pubic area, face and chest in male
Sebaceous Glands
Produce Sebum(oil): A protective lipid substance secreted through hair follicles
Everywhere except palms and soles
Most abundant in scalp, forehead, face, & chin
Lubricates skin and hair and forms emulsion with water that prevents water loss from skin
Dry skin results from loss of water, not directly from loss of oil
Sweat Glands
Two types of sweat glands:
I. Eccrine Glands: widely distributed through the body
Mature in the 2-month -old infant
Coiled tubules that open directly onto the skin surface & Sweat
Sweat evaporation reduces body temperature
II. Apocrine Glands:
Activated during puberty & Decreases in the aging adult
Secretion occurs with emotional & sexual stimulation
Bacterial flora reacts w/ apocrine sweat and produce musky body odor
Produce a thick, milky secretion & open into the hair follicles
Mainly in the Axillae, Anogenital area, nipples, & navel
Vestigial in humans
Developmental considerations: newborn, older adult
Infants & Children
Lanugo Hair follicles: Fine downy hair of the newborn hair.
Develops in the fetus at 3 months’ gestation; by midgestation most of the skin is covered & First few months
after birth is replaced by fine Vellus hair
Terminal hair on the scalp May be present at birth
Vernix caseosa present at birth, thick, cheesy substance made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells
Sebum water in skin producing milia (a common variation; white papules on the cheeks & forehead & across
the nose & chin; caused by sebum that occludes the opening of the follicles); holds water in the skin; present
first few weeks of life; produces cradle cap in some babies
Many Skin functions not fully developed
Skin is thin, smooth, elastic and more permeable than adult
Greater risk for fluid loss
Sebaceous glands decrease in size and production not resume until puberty
There are 50 questions on this exam. There are 2 select all that apply questions
Chapter 12: 6 questions
A & P of the layers of the skin Two Layer
1. Epidermis & Dermis
Epidermis – Outer layer Completely replaces every 4 weeks
Highly differentiated
Thin but tough
Avascular & nourished by blood vessels in the dermis
Stratified into several zones
o Basel cell Layer – Forms new skin cells
major ingredient: fibrous protein Keratin
Melanocytes produce pigment melanin
Gives brown tones to skin & hair
Everyone has melanocytes, however amount of melanin they produce
varies with genetic, hormonal, environmental
As new cells migrate up they flatten into the outer horny cell layer
o Horny cell layer – dead keratinized cells closely packed & constantly shed or
desquamated & replaced w/ new cells
Dermis Inner supportive layer
Consisting mostly of: Connective tissue, or collage:
Tough, fibrous protein that enables the skin to resist tearing
o Resilient elastic tissue that allows the skin to stretch w/ body movement
o Nerves
o Sensory receptors
o Blood vessels
o Lymphatics
o Appendages from the epidermis embedded in the dermis
o Hair follicles
o Sebaceous glands & sweat glands
2. Subcutaneous Layer
Adipose tissue (lobules of fat cells)
Stores fat for energy
Provides insulation for temperature control
Aids in protection
Gives skin increased mobility over structures underneath
9 Function of the Skin: Skin is a waterproof, almost indestructible covering that has protective and
adaptive properties
Protection Minimize injury Wound repair replacement of surface wounds
, Prevents penetration barrier stops invasion Communication Blushing/Blanching signal emotion
microorganisms & loss of water & electrolytes
Perception vast sensory surface touch, pain, Production of Vitamin D UV light converts cholesterol into
temperature, and pressure Vitamin D.
Temperature regulation Heat Absorption and excretion limited excretion of some
Insulation/dissipation metabolic wastes, by-products of cellular decomposition
Identification unique facial characteristics, hair,
skin color, and even fingerprints
Hair
Threads of keratin
Two types of hair:
I. Vellus hair: covers most of the body (except palms and soles, dorsa of the distal parts of the fingers, umbilicus,
glans penis, inside the labia)
II. Terminal hair: darker, thicker hair that grows on the scalp and eyebrows and after puberty on the axillae,
pubic area, face and chest in male
Sebaceous Glands
Produce Sebum(oil): A protective lipid substance secreted through hair follicles
Everywhere except palms and soles
Most abundant in scalp, forehead, face, & chin
Lubricates skin and hair and forms emulsion with water that prevents water loss from skin
Dry skin results from loss of water, not directly from loss of oil
Sweat Glands
Two types of sweat glands:
I. Eccrine Glands: widely distributed through the body
Mature in the 2-month -old infant
Coiled tubules that open directly onto the skin surface & Sweat
Sweat evaporation reduces body temperature
II. Apocrine Glands:
Activated during puberty & Decreases in the aging adult
Secretion occurs with emotional & sexual stimulation
Bacterial flora reacts w/ apocrine sweat and produce musky body odor
Produce a thick, milky secretion & open into the hair follicles
Mainly in the Axillae, Anogenital area, nipples, & navel
Vestigial in humans
Developmental considerations: newborn, older adult
Infants & Children
Lanugo Hair follicles: Fine downy hair of the newborn hair.
Develops in the fetus at 3 months’ gestation; by midgestation most of the skin is covered & First few months
after birth is replaced by fine Vellus hair
Terminal hair on the scalp May be present at birth
Vernix caseosa present at birth, thick, cheesy substance made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells
Sebum water in skin producing milia (a common variation; white papules on the cheeks & forehead & across
the nose & chin; caused by sebum that occludes the opening of the follicles); holds water in the skin; present
first few weeks of life; produces cradle cap in some babies
Many Skin functions not fully developed
Skin is thin, smooth, elastic and more permeable than adult
Greater risk for fluid loss
Sebaceous glands decrease in size and production not resume until puberty
