TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Chapter 1. The Study of Gender
………………………………………………………….. 1
Chapter 2. Researching Sex and Gender
…………………………………………………. 16
Chapter 3. Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity
…………………………. 33
Chapter 4. Hormones and Chromosomes .…………………….
…………………………. 52
Chapter 5. Theories of Gender Development …………………….
………………………. 73
Chapter 6. Developing Gender Identity
…………………………………………………… 89
Chapter 7. Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities
…………………………………………. 107
Chapter 8. Emotion ………………………………………………………………………….
124
Chapter 9. Relationships ……………………………………………………………………
144
Chapter 10. Sexuality ………………………………………………………………………. .
168
Chapter 11. School …………………………………………………………………………. .
190
,Chapter 12. Careers and Work …………………………………………………………….
207
Chapter 13. Health and Fitness
……………………………………………………………. 225
Chapter 14. Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology
………………………………………. 246
Chapter 15. Treatment for Mental Disorders
……………………………………………. 264
Chapter 16. How Different? …………………………………………………………………
282
,Chapter 1
The Study of Gender
Are Men Boring?
—Telegraph, June 11, 2008
Are You Calling Us Boring?
—Telegraph, June 12, 2008
Are Gender Stereotypes Boring?
—New Statesman, June 28, 2008
Lecture Outline
A. The first two headline stories reported on a current skirmish in the
“gender wars;” a woman contended that men are boring to women, and a
man countered that women are the ones who are boring. These two views
draw from the essentialist view, hypothesizing that gender differences
are “hard-wired” into men and women, making them incompatible on
some underlying level. The third headline expressed a view consistent
with the biosocial view, which holds that gender roles are social and thus
a great deal of flexibility is possible. The headline articles reflect the
diversity of opinion on gender, both in psychology and in the broader
culture. Views of gender differences include the minimalist view, which
holds that few underlying differences exist between men and women,
whereas the maximalist position holds that large differences exist.
B. HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGY does not extend
to the earliest years of psychology. The structuralist school ignored
differences between women and men, and women were not participants
in early psychology research.
1. The Study of Individual Differences came about with the
development of functionalism, which reflected the sexist views of society
at that time. Most of these psychologists were men, but functionalist
, psychologist Leta Stetter Hollingworth argued against the intellectual
inferiority of women. The rise of behaviorism resulted in a decrease of
interest in sex differences, and the era of “womanless” psychology began
during which women were not often psychologists or the subjects of
psychological inquiry.
2. Psychoanalysis and Freudian theory concentrated on sex differences,
and the psychoanalytic view holds that women are inferior to men.
B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN’S STUDIES resulted from the feminist
movement of the 1960s.
1. The History of Feminist Movements dates back to the 19th century,
when the first wave of feminism fought to get the right to vote for
women. During the 1960s, the second wave of feminism developed into
several varieties. Liberal feminists (also called egalitarian feminists)
wanted to extend women’s rights; radical feminists focused on the
oppression of women; cultural feminists believe that women have a
unique, valuable point of view.
2. Sex or Gender? Researchers have used the term sex differences in
studies that contrasted women and men, but some researchers have
argued that the term carries implications of a biological basis for
differences. Gender is an alternative term that includes the traits and
behaviors regarded by society as appropriate for men and women.
Although these two terms should apply to different domains, no clear
division of usage has yet emerged, and both terms continue in use.
3. Women in Psychology increased in number with the growth of the
second wave of the feminist movement, when women entered many
professions in increasing numbers. Women’s entry into psychology and
other fields in large numbers changed those fields, producing more
research on women and decreasing the sexist bias in research. Female
psychologists tried to found a division of the American Psychological
Association for years before they succeeded with the establishment of
Division 35, Psychology of Women (later changed to the Society for the
Psychology of Women).
C. THE APPEARANCE OF THE MEN'S MOVEMENT was prompted by the feminist
movement. The changes in women’s roles resulted in men examining
their roles. Some men have concluded that the Male Gender Role has
burdened them, and some men became profeminist, whereas others
objected to the dissolution of traditional roles. Male psychologists
interested in issues concerning men’s roles succeeded in founding
Division 51 of APA, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and
Masculinity, in 1995.
page
Chapter 1. The Study of Gender
………………………………………………………….. 1
Chapter 2. Researching Sex and Gender
…………………………………………………. 16
Chapter 3. Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity
…………………………. 33
Chapter 4. Hormones and Chromosomes .…………………….
…………………………. 52
Chapter 5. Theories of Gender Development …………………….
………………………. 73
Chapter 6. Developing Gender Identity
…………………………………………………… 89
Chapter 7. Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities
…………………………………………. 107
Chapter 8. Emotion ………………………………………………………………………….
124
Chapter 9. Relationships ……………………………………………………………………
144
Chapter 10. Sexuality ………………………………………………………………………. .
168
Chapter 11. School …………………………………………………………………………. .
190
,Chapter 12. Careers and Work …………………………………………………………….
207
Chapter 13. Health and Fitness
……………………………………………………………. 225
Chapter 14. Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology
………………………………………. 246
Chapter 15. Treatment for Mental Disorders
……………………………………………. 264
Chapter 16. How Different? …………………………………………………………………
282
,Chapter 1
The Study of Gender
Are Men Boring?
—Telegraph, June 11, 2008
Are You Calling Us Boring?
—Telegraph, June 12, 2008
Are Gender Stereotypes Boring?
—New Statesman, June 28, 2008
Lecture Outline
A. The first two headline stories reported on a current skirmish in the
“gender wars;” a woman contended that men are boring to women, and a
man countered that women are the ones who are boring. These two views
draw from the essentialist view, hypothesizing that gender differences
are “hard-wired” into men and women, making them incompatible on
some underlying level. The third headline expressed a view consistent
with the biosocial view, which holds that gender roles are social and thus
a great deal of flexibility is possible. The headline articles reflect the
diversity of opinion on gender, both in psychology and in the broader
culture. Views of gender differences include the minimalist view, which
holds that few underlying differences exist between men and women,
whereas the maximalist position holds that large differences exist.
B. HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGY does not extend
to the earliest years of psychology. The structuralist school ignored
differences between women and men, and women were not participants
in early psychology research.
1. The Study of Individual Differences came about with the
development of functionalism, which reflected the sexist views of society
at that time. Most of these psychologists were men, but functionalist
, psychologist Leta Stetter Hollingworth argued against the intellectual
inferiority of women. The rise of behaviorism resulted in a decrease of
interest in sex differences, and the era of “womanless” psychology began
during which women were not often psychologists or the subjects of
psychological inquiry.
2. Psychoanalysis and Freudian theory concentrated on sex differences,
and the psychoanalytic view holds that women are inferior to men.
B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN’S STUDIES resulted from the feminist
movement of the 1960s.
1. The History of Feminist Movements dates back to the 19th century,
when the first wave of feminism fought to get the right to vote for
women. During the 1960s, the second wave of feminism developed into
several varieties. Liberal feminists (also called egalitarian feminists)
wanted to extend women’s rights; radical feminists focused on the
oppression of women; cultural feminists believe that women have a
unique, valuable point of view.
2. Sex or Gender? Researchers have used the term sex differences in
studies that contrasted women and men, but some researchers have
argued that the term carries implications of a biological basis for
differences. Gender is an alternative term that includes the traits and
behaviors regarded by society as appropriate for men and women.
Although these two terms should apply to different domains, no clear
division of usage has yet emerged, and both terms continue in use.
3. Women in Psychology increased in number with the growth of the
second wave of the feminist movement, when women entered many
professions in increasing numbers. Women’s entry into psychology and
other fields in large numbers changed those fields, producing more
research on women and decreasing the sexist bias in research. Female
psychologists tried to found a division of the American Psychological
Association for years before they succeeded with the establishment of
Division 35, Psychology of Women (later changed to the Society for the
Psychology of Women).
C. THE APPEARANCE OF THE MEN'S MOVEMENT was prompted by the feminist
movement. The changes in women’s roles resulted in men examining
their roles. Some men have concluded that the Male Gender Role has
burdened them, and some men became profeminist, whereas others
objected to the dissolution of traditional roles. Male psychologists
interested in issues concerning men’s roles succeeded in founding
Division 51 of APA, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and
Masculinity, in 1995.
