Encyclopedia of Counseling the purple book Exam Solved for counseling Exam NCE And CPCE

counseling Exam NCE And CPCE Ch. 3 - Human Growth & Development (100) 1. Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are a. Psychometric. b. Psychodiagnostic. c. Psychopharmacological. d. psychosocial. 2. In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists a. emphasize id processes. b. refute the concept of the superego. c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior. d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists. 3. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. A. A. Brill. d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory. 4. The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of a. Erik Erikson. b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory. c. Jay Haley. d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan. 5. .Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor. b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor. c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations. 6. Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as a. he utilized the t test too frequently. b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors. c. he worked primarily with minority children. d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children. 7. A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered a. symbolic schema. b. Conservation. c. androgynous psychosocial issues. d. trust versus mistrust. 8. In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to a. volume or mass. b. defenses of the ego. c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage. d. a specific psychosexual stage of life. 9. A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as a. formal operations—12 years and older. b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years. c. preoperations—ages 2–7 years. d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years. 10. ________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development. a. Erik Erikson b. Lev Vygotsky c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. John B. Watson 11. According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift. b. the child is ambidextrous. c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight. d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape. 12. During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of a. Egocentrism. b. Conservation. c. Centration. d. abstract thought. 13. Lawrence Kohlberg suggested a. a single level of morality. b. two levels of morality. c. three levels of morality. d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality. 14. The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as a. a brick is to a house. b. Freud is to Jung. c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback. d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered. 15. The term identity crisis comes from the work of a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients. b. Erikson. c. Adler. d. Jung. 16. Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional. b. formal, preformal, self-accepted. c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed. d. preconventional, formal, authority directed. 17. Trust versus mistrust is a. an Adlerian notion of morality. b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development. c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism. d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg. 18. A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage, a. generativity versus stagnation. b. initiative versus guilt. c. identity crisis of the later years. d. integrity versus despair. 19. In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by a. psychosexual urges. b. consequences. c. periodic fugue states. d. Counterconditioning. 20. Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by a. psychosexual urges. b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations. c. a desire to conform. d. b and c. 21. Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges. b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation. c. has self-imposed morals and ethics. d. a and b. 22. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles, a. refers to the naive hedonism stage. b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals. c. a and b. d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. 23. The zone of proximal development a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky. b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. c. emphasized organ inferiority. d. a, b, and c. 24. Freud and Erikson a. could be classified as behaviorists. b. could be classified as maturationists. c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual. d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement. 25. John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist. b. developmental stage theories. c. bonding and attachment. d. the unconscious mind. 26. In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? a. Generativity versus stagnation. b. Integrity versus despair. c. a and b. d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues. 27. The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is a. Harry Harlow. b. John Bowlby. c. Lawrence Kohlberg. d. all of the above. 28. The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is a. false. b. true due to genetics. c. true only in middle-aged men. d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin. 29. The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35–60 years. c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years. d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention. 30. We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? a. A 19-year-old male college student. b. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band. c. A 57-year-old female stockbroker. d. A 13-year-old male middle school student. 31. In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys a. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version. b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother. c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. 32. Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic. 33. In adolescence a. females commit suicide more than males. b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare. c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious. d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often. 34. In the general U.S. population a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000. b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts. c. suicide rates tend to increase with age. d. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age. 35. The fear of death a. is greatest during middle age. b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon. c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years. d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years. 36. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor a. in the preconscious mind. b. in the mind of the child in latency. c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. d. a and b. 37. When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general a. girls grow up to smile more. b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2. c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. d. all of the above 38. The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is a. oral. b. anal. c. phallic. d. Latency. 39. In terms of parenting young children a. boys are punished more than girls. b. girls are punished more than boys. c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion. d. boys show more empathy toward others. 40. When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes. c. a and b. d. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner’s colleagues. 41. Stage theorists assume a. qualitative changes between stages occur. b. differences surely exist but usually can’t be measured. c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. d. b and c. 42. Development a. begins at birth. b. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy. c. is a continuous process which begins at conception. d. a and c. 43. Development is cephalocaudal, which means a. foot to head. b. head to foot. c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment. d. b and c. 44. Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes. b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. c. assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. d. all of the above. 45. Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage a. abstract thinking emerges. b. problems can be solved using deduction. c. a and b. d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless. 46. Kohlberg lists ________ stages of moral development which fall into ________ levels. a. 6; 3 b. 6; 6 c. 3; 6 d. 3; 3 47. A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development. b. is in the preconventional level. c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles. d. a and c. 48. Freud’s Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage) a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur. b. occurs during the phallic stage. c. a and b. d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory. 49. In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as a. systematic desensitization. b. covert desensitization. c. in vivo desensitization. d. the Electra complex. 50. The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency. c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal. d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal. 51. Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing a. Piaget’s concept of conservation. b. Erikson’s trust versus mistrust paradigm. c. Piaget’s formal operations. d. an apparatus known as a visual cliff. 52. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as a. organismic theorists. b. statistical developmentalists. c. empiricists. d. all of the above. 53. An empiricist view of development would be a. psychometric. b. behavioristic. c. against the use of formal statistical testing. d. a and c. 54. In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers a. showed marked borderline personality traits. b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly. c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion. d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers. 55. A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? a. Behaviorism. b. Organicism. c. Statistical developmentalism. d. all of the above. 56. In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the a. sensorimotor stage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperational stage. d. acquisition of conservation. 57. A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered a. object permanence. b. reflexive response. c. representational thought. d. a and c. 58. The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—ages 2–7 years. c. concrete operational stage—ages 7–12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond. 59. John Bowlby has asserted that a. attachment is not instinctual. b. attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle. c. a and b. d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood. 60. The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life a. still developed in a normal fashion. b. still related very well with animals reared normally. c. appeared to be autistic. d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns. 61. According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ________ a given psychosexual stage. a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a and c 62. An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive. c. reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child’s behavior. d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring. 63. A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means a. behavior results from unconscious aggression. b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men. c. a and b. d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species. 64. The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to a. Piaget’s famous case study methodology. b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment. c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs. d. all of the above. 65. A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores the clown’s other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of a. egocentrism. b. centration. c. formal abstract reasoning. d. deductive processes. 66. Piaget felt a. that homework depresses the elementary child’s IQ. b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser’s concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings. c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily. d. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. 67. Piaget’s preoperational stage a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. b. includes mastering conservation. c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above. 68. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual. c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial. d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved. 69. The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by a. the principle of negative reinforcement. b. sex-role socialization. c. Lorenz’s studies on imprinting. d. ethological data. 70. The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of a. Freud. b. Adler on birth order. c. Erikson. d. Bowlby. 71. A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that a. in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls. b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys. c. in general, boys have better visual–perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls. d. b and c. 72. Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is a. the primal scene. b. preconscious psychic processes. c. sibling rivalry. d. BASIC-ID. 73. A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to a. Jung’s concepts of anima, animus. b. Freud’s wish fulfillment. c. Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2–7 years. d. ego identity. 74. Elementary school counseling and guidance services a. have been popular since the early 1900s. b. became popular during World War II. c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. d. none of the above. 75. Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don’t seem to have an impact on youngsters’ lives. b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed. c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work. d. these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts. 76. According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson a. Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn’t exist. b. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises. c. an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. d. b and c. 77. Erikson’s middle-age stage (ages 35–60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to a. he ability to do creative work or raise a family. b. the opposite of stagnation. c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. d. all of the above. 78. A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels a. the burden of senile psychosis. b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage. c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life’s precious opportunities. d. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). 79. Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ________ is to Erikson. a. integrity versus despair b. Kohlberg c. trust versus mistrust d. play therapy 80. Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? a. A. Lazarus. b. H. Harlow. c. J. Wolpe. d. A. Ellis. 81. When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client a. has “learned helplessness” syndrome. b. suffers from a phobia. c. suffers from fixation. d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon. 82. Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. Eros. 83. Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? a. Carl Rogers. b. B. F. Skinner. c. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. d. Konrad Lorenz. 84. The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level. b. Kohlberg’s conventional level. c. the work of Carl Jung. d. Piaget’s autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8. 85. A critical period a. makes imprinting possible. b. emphasizes manifest dream content. c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all. d. a and c. 86. Imprinting—rapid learning during a critical period of development—is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. Konrad Lorenz. d. Harry Harlow. 87. Marital satisfaction a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home. b. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home. c. correlates high with performance IQ. d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children. 88. Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates a. wer-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. that psychopathology rests within the id. c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization. d. that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes. 89. To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz. b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics. c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings. d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average.” 90. Piaget is a. a maturationist. b. a behaviorist. c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. d. Cognitive-behavioral. 91. ________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21. a. Environmental b. Genetic (conditions passed through genes) c. Chemical dependency d. Unconscious 92. Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called a. counterbalancing. b. equilibration. c. balance theory. d. ABA design. 93. There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists a. conduct therapy in the here and now. b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior. c. believe group work is most effective. d. allow clients to work through early conflicts. 94. Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as a. hysteria. b. pica. c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. d. dysfunctional repetition. 95. Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group. b. biofeedback training is highly recommended. c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged. 96. Most experts in the field of counseling agree that a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality. c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget’s stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints. d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion. 97. Equilibration is a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. b. performed via the id according to the Freudians. c. a synonym for concrete operational thought. d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation). 98. A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on a. Maslow’s higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. building accurate empathy of family members. c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. d. the identified patient. 99. The anal retentive personality is a. charitable. b. stingy. c. kind. d. thinks very little about money matters. 100. From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be a. considered an oral character. b. considered an anal character. c. considered a genital character. d. fixated at the latency stage. Ch. 4 - Social and Cultural Diversity (100) 101. America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as a. cross-cultural counseling. b. multicultural counseling. c. intercultural counseling. d. all of the above. 102. Culture refers to a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation. d. all of the above. 103. Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client a. is culturally biased. b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity. c. belongs to a different culture from the helper. d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues. 104. In order to diagnose clients from a different culture a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture. b. the counselor will find the DSM useless. c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory. d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis. 105. In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a. a separate race. b. a separate culture. c. the concept of color blindness. d. a separate national culture. 106. Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? a. Freud. b. Durkheim. c. McDougall. d. Berne. 107. ________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. a. Maslow; Rogers b. Ellis; Harper c. Freud; Lorenz d. Glasser; Rogers 108. ________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior. a. Instinct theorists b. Innate aggression theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Followers of Erik Erikson 109. The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area. c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients. d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses. 110. Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He a. is the father of multicultural counseling. b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life. c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier. d. B and c. 111. The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are: a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength. b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs. c. culture, race, assertiveness. d. ego strength, anxiety, race. 112. The term contextualism implies that a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession. b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs. c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate. d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling. 113. Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic. b. as she felt it was too behavioristic. c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans. d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females. 114. ________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement. a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism) b. The civil rights movement c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious d. The Tarasoff duty 115. When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to a. the prognosis. b. the diagnosis. c. the intervention. d. attending behavior. 116. When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to a. Recommendations. b. the diagnosis. c. the prognosis. d. the notion of transference. 117. The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that a. passivity is the norm for most individuals. b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative. c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior. d. people conform to social roles. 118. A wealth of research demonstrates that a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors. b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors. c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background. d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture. 119. The frustration-aggression theory is associated with 92 a. Albert Ellis. b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept. c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA). d. John Dollard and Neal Miller. 120. A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory. a. Dollard and Miller’s b. Crites and Roe’s c. Festinger’s d. Holland and Super’s 121. Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another. b. culture excludes customs. c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct. d. culture is never socially learned. 122. A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm a. describes how people are supposed to act. b. has little to do with expectations. c. is irrelevant when counseling a client. d. all of the above. 123. Mores are beliefs and social customs a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling. c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power. d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture. 124. ________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy, b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology, c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy (RBT), d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance, 125. A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be a. universal culture. b. national culture. c. ecological culture. d. B and c. 126. Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by a. ecological culture. b. mores. c. regional and national culture. d. universal culture. 127. Early vocalization infants a. Is more complex in African American babies. b. Is more complex in white babies. c. Is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe. d. Is the finest indicator of elementary school performance. 128. In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated a. Socioeconomic trends b. How an individual felt toward other ethnic groups c. Disadvantaged youth d. Language barriers between African American and Asian Americans. 129. According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home a. Should conduct the interview from the porch b. Should double-bind the client c. Should ask to come in the home d. Should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home. 130. Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by a. National culture b. Human culture c. Regional culture d. Ecological culture 131. Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society a. Is defined as a set of more b. Has a distinct lack of norms c. Is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. d. None of the above 132. Ethnocentrism a. Uses one’s own cultures as a yardstick to measure all others b. Means race c. Is a genetic term d. All of the above. 133. All of these statements are ethnocentric except a. You can’t trust anyone over the age of 40. b. American are generous c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico 134. Ethnocentrism a. Is not universal b. Promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty c. Promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age. d. B and C. 135. Regardless of culture, the popular individual a. Has good social skills b. Values race over ethnicity c. Dresses in the latest styles d. Never possesses a modal personality 136. Social exchange theory postulates that a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive. b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. c. A a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong. 137. Balance theory postulates a. A move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency b. A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency c. A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state d. B and c. 138. Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive a. Are nonassertive b. Are aggressive c. Have other positive traits d. are social adept but not very intelligent. 139. A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty. b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services. c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment. d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment. 140. Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis a. Must be performed without regard to cultural issues. b. Must be done within a cultural context c. A and b. d. None of the above. 141. A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture. a. Less b. More c. The same d. More realistic 142. In terms of diagnosis a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another. b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14. c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females. d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males. 143. In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world. b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs). c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists. d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help. 144. According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach–approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch. a. She will feel intense guilt. b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance. c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice. d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them. 145. A woman who being robbed a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders. b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases. c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her. d. none of the above. 146. A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.” This a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension. d. is projection. 147. The statement “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low” a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is projection. d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual. 148. In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model. b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase. c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models. d. a and c. 149. In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who a. will give them “a good talking to.” b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice. c. helps them work it out on their own. d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic. 150. In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner. b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice. c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate. d. all of the above. 151. Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with a. attraction. b. cognition and attitude formation. c. cognitions and emotion. d. none of the above. 152. Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce a. less-aggressive children. b. more-aggressive children. c. passive-aggressive children. d. passive-dependent children. 153. Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling. b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling. c. a and b. d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races. 154. In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means a. nothing—it is not a valid term. b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident. c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts. d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance. 155. The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender: a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance. b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure. c. paradoxing the client. d. analyzing flight-to-health defense mechanism variables. 156. In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, a. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture. b. lower-income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class. c. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class. d. all of the above. 157. A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor. a. white female b. African American female c. African American male d. upper-class white male 158. According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error). b. standardization. c. similar to his or her own. d. paraphrasing. 159. When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference a. Is interpreted as positive transference b. Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance c. Is interpreted as white privilege d. None of the above 160. Counselors who have good listening skills a. facilitate therapeutic surrender. b. hinder therapeutic surrender. c. often have a monolithic perspective. d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender. 161. Counselors can more easily advise a. clients from their own culture. b. clients from a different culture. c. clients of a different race. d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements. 162. It’s easiest to empathize with a. a client who is similar to you. b. a client who is dissimilar to you. c. Latino/a clients. d. Asian American male clients. 163. In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective a. when structured exercises are utilized. b. when a counselor takes an active–directive stance. c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized. d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session. 164. A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer. b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor. d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy. 165. An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was “bad,” though she literally means it was good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a a. client of color error. b. cognitive dissonance error. c. connotative error. d. confounding variable. 166. A monolingual U.S. counselor a. speaks only English. b. speaks English and Spanish. c. works as a counseling interpreter. d. fits the definition of bilingual. 167. ________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. a. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp b. Perl’s use of the German concept of gestalt c. Freud’s visits to the United States d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation 168. Multicultural counseling promotes a. eclecticism. b. rigidity. c. psychodynamic models. d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP). 169. Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation. b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture. c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT). d. is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language. 170. A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else” is espousing the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language. d. autoplastic viewpoint. 171. The statement “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different” is based on the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint. 172. A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint. 173. An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment. a. emic b. alloplastic c. etic d. autoplastic 174. A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested a. an alloplastic method of coping. b. an autoplastic method of coping. c. the emic–etic distinction. d. the emic viewpoint. 175. You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be a. she is displaying malingering. b. she was severely abused as a young child. c. she is suicidal. d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference. 176. Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to a. anger. b. hate. c. uncertainty. d. admiration. 177. The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. b. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores. c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective. d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands. 178. A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply a. too Rogerian. b. attacking the system. c. too Freudian. d. too cognitive. 179. Good multicultural counselors are a. flexible. b. rigid. c. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s gestalt therapy, and/or William Glasser’s reality therapy in nearly every case. d. generally behavioristic. 180. A client remarks, “Hey, I’m African American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that a. race is not the same as ethnicity. b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical. c. a connotative impediment exists. d. severe ambivalent transference exists. 181. Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program. b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student. c. should be broad and interdisciplinary. d. need not include rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). 182. Doing cross-cultural counseling a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences. b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics. c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session. d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism. 183. Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will a. perform better if he or she is alone. b. perform better if he or she is part of a group. c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy. d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner. 184. In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that a. sleep learning facilitates social skills. b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message. d. REM sleep facilitates insight. 185. In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America. a. Moreno and Yalom b. Holland and Roe c. Barber and Salter d