BUSINESS RESEARCH
Module No. 2
Topic: Ethics and Research
Sub-topic
1. General forms of research
2. Research Design
3. Quantitative and Qualitative research
I. INRODUCTION
In understanding the general forms of research gives us the whole idea of
a scientific research, research in humanities and artistic research. It will guide
the students, through a step-by-step process. It guides the students in
determining the kinds of research will they in to.
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After using and studying this module, the learners must be able
to: • Identify the various types of research; and
• Differentiate qualitative and quantitative types of research.
III. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completing this module, the learners must be able to apply
knowledge of ethics in research. They will be able to discuss ethics in qualitative
and quantitative research. Explain the ethical codes and policies for research
IV. TOPICS AND KEY CONCEPT
GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH
1. Scientific Research – is a research method that seeks to
explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by
generating credible theories. It is a systematic process that involves
formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data and other
scientific methods, and finally coming up with a theory. As such, this
study requires rational and statistical evidence to draw conclusions.
2. Research in the humanities – seeks to define the purpose of
human existence by tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.
While studies on natural and social sciences required hard evidence to
, draw conclusions, this form of research derive explanations from
human experiences that cannot be simply measured by facts and figures
alone.
3. Artistic Research – provides alternative approaches to
established concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for
fundamental and theoretical ones. The main purpose of this form
of research is to expound on the current accepted concepts and open
them to further interpretation. As such, the word “artistic” does not
solely refer to the arts but rather to the kind of approach a researcher
assumes in this type of research. This research generates new
knowledge through artistic practices such as defining new concepts,
creating new processes, and devising new methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN
According to Cristobal, 2017 Research Design enables the researcher to
organize the components of his or her research in an orderly and coherent manner.
This will ensure that the research or study will effectively address the research topic or
problem. The research design is also a template for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. The research problem determines the research design that will be
used in the study.
Having a well-developed research design will enable the researcher to achieve
the following:
1. Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and justify the selection
of the appropriate design to be used.
2. Review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the
topic. 3. Clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem.
4. Determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and explain how the data will
be obtained.
5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data gathered in order to
evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
Examples of Research Designs
1. Action Research – designs that follows a cyclical process. First, the
researcher identifies a problem and determines a plan of action to address it. Then,
the action plan is implemented and data is gathered to determine the effects of the
action implemented. The information gathered during the implementation phase
is analyzed and evaluated in order to gain a better understanding of the
problem and determine the effectiveness of the solution implemented. Action
research is pragmatic and solution-driven, and any information gathered is used to
Module No. 2
Topic: Ethics and Research
Sub-topic
1. General forms of research
2. Research Design
3. Quantitative and Qualitative research
I. INRODUCTION
In understanding the general forms of research gives us the whole idea of
a scientific research, research in humanities and artistic research. It will guide
the students, through a step-by-step process. It guides the students in
determining the kinds of research will they in to.
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After using and studying this module, the learners must be able
to: • Identify the various types of research; and
• Differentiate qualitative and quantitative types of research.
III. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completing this module, the learners must be able to apply
knowledge of ethics in research. They will be able to discuss ethics in qualitative
and quantitative research. Explain the ethical codes and policies for research
IV. TOPICS AND KEY CONCEPT
GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH
1. Scientific Research – is a research method that seeks to
explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by
generating credible theories. It is a systematic process that involves
formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data and other
scientific methods, and finally coming up with a theory. As such, this
study requires rational and statistical evidence to draw conclusions.
2. Research in the humanities – seeks to define the purpose of
human existence by tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.
While studies on natural and social sciences required hard evidence to
, draw conclusions, this form of research derive explanations from
human experiences that cannot be simply measured by facts and figures
alone.
3. Artistic Research – provides alternative approaches to
established concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for
fundamental and theoretical ones. The main purpose of this form
of research is to expound on the current accepted concepts and open
them to further interpretation. As such, the word “artistic” does not
solely refer to the arts but rather to the kind of approach a researcher
assumes in this type of research. This research generates new
knowledge through artistic practices such as defining new concepts,
creating new processes, and devising new methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN
According to Cristobal, 2017 Research Design enables the researcher to
organize the components of his or her research in an orderly and coherent manner.
This will ensure that the research or study will effectively address the research topic or
problem. The research design is also a template for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. The research problem determines the research design that will be
used in the study.
Having a well-developed research design will enable the researcher to achieve
the following:
1. Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and justify the selection
of the appropriate design to be used.
2. Review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the
topic. 3. Clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem.
4. Determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and explain how the data will
be obtained.
5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data gathered in order to
evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
Examples of Research Designs
1. Action Research – designs that follows a cyclical process. First, the
researcher identifies a problem and determines a plan of action to address it. Then,
the action plan is implemented and data is gathered to determine the effects of the
action implemented. The information gathered during the implementation phase
is analyzed and evaluated in order to gain a better understanding of the
problem and determine the effectiveness of the solution implemented. Action
research is pragmatic and solution-driven, and any information gathered is used to
