WGU Biochem C785: Unit 4 DNA and RNA questions with complete solutions

WGU Biochem C785: Unit 4 DNA and RNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Correct Answer: An organisms genetic material found in the nucleus of a cell Double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T) capable of replicating Which nucleotides/bases are used in DNA? Correct Answer: A - Adenine C - Cystine G - Guanine T - Thymine RNA (ribonucleic acid) Correct Answer: A nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, U) Usually single stranded Functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses Central Dogma Correct Answer: DNA - RNA - Protein DNA - Transcription -mRNA - Translation - Protein The process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA protein Which nucleotides/bases are used in RNA? Correct Answer: A - Adenine C - Cystine G - Guanine U - Uracil Which nucleotides/bases pair together to form DNA? Correct Answer: A - T C - G Which nucleotides/bases pair together to form RNA? Correct Answer: A - U C - G Genes Correct Answer: A segment of a DNA molecule that information or directions on how to build a protein Gene Expression Correct Answer: When a gene in DNA is "turned on" or used to make the protein is specifies Includes 2 Stages: Transcription and Translation Nucleotides Correct Answer: Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases Antiparallel Correct Answer: The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (5'-3', 3'-5') Complementary (coding) Strand Correct Answer: A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary bases to the template strand, another strand of DNA or RNA Ex/ During DNA replication, the new strand that is formed is a complementary strand Complementary Bases: A-U, C-G Runs in 5' to 3' direction Template DNA Correct Answer: The piece of DNA that the RNA polymerase enzyme assembles the messenger (mRNA) along. Called a template because it fits the formal definition fo a template Coding DNA Correct Answer: The opposite strand of DNA in the double helix The complementary, antiparallel partner DNA strand Also called the Non-Template Strand Replication Correct Answer: The process of copying a molecule of DNA Transcription Correct Answer: The process where a gene's DNA is copied and (transcribed) into an RNA molecule to make a protein 3 Phases - Initiation -Elongation - Termination Initiation Correct Answer: The DNA molecule unwinds and separates Elongation Correct Answer: RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesizing mRNA molecules Termination Correct Answer: When a stop codon is reached and translation is stopped The point at which the ribosome releases the polypeptide RNA Polymerase Correct Answer: Enzyme that attaches to the DNA strand and moves to the promoter It breaks hydrogen bonds in the DNA double helix so that free nucleotides can attach to the exposed strand which develops the RNA strand Promoter Correct Answer: A specific nucleotide sequence or "spot" in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA Polymerase and the place where transcription begins Transcription Factors Correct Answer: Important proteins that help determine which genes are active in each cell Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription mRNA Correct Answer: Messenger RNA: A pre messenger molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product Type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes Can be read by multiple ribosome at a time Must be read from 5' to 3' to interpret codons correctly Translation Correct Answer: The synthesis of a of a polypeptide using genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids Ribosomes Correct Answer: The sites of Translation that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains tRNA Correct Answer: Transfer RNA An RNA molecule that functions as an carrier by picking up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and transferring them to the ribosome putting them where the codon and anticodon attach creating a chain of amino acids Codons Correct Answer: Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA molecule that specify a particular amino acid to be synthesized into a protein Basic unit of genetic code Stop Codon Correct Answer: Tells the ribosomes its time to STOP translating a protein strand Anticodons Correct Answer: A specific sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA What is their proper sequence for these steps? 1. Translation 2. RNA processing 3. Transcription 4. Modification of protein Correct Answer: 1. Transcription 2. RNA Processing 3. Translation 4. Modification of Protein How do we make complementary DNA (ie - coding to template, or tem