WGU C785 Biochemistry preassessment Question and Answers

WGU C785 Biochemistry preassessment Question and Answers Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of four complete PCR cycles? 16 What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? It recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. What are possible blood types of the parents of a patient with blood type AB? A and B − Amino Acid Number Tyr Gly Thr Pro − Amino Acid Sequence TAC GGG ACA CCA − DNA Sequence What is the amino acid in position 118 that results from a single nucleotide insertion immediately following the three guanines that encode for glycine 116? Thr In sickle-cell disease, the glutamic acid (Glu) at position number seven is mutated to valine (Val). What change in codons corresponds to this mutation? GAA to GTA Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? Recombination Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional. Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general population? The mutation rate of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair. Which mRNA sequence results in a polypeptide that contains three amino acids? 5' - CUU GAU ACU UAG - 3' Which template strand DNA sequence would result in the amino acid (Ser)? 5' - CGA - 3' What is the complementary sequence for the following DNA sequence? 5' - GCC ATC TCG AAT - 3' 5' - ATT CGA GAT GGC - 3' Studies have shown that increased expression of two genes called SIRT1 and SIRT2 is associated with chronic exposure to cocaine and contributes to drug addiction. What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 and SIRT2 genes in people addicted to cocaine increases their expression? The nucleosomes become more widely spaced. What occurs during the process of alternative splicing of mRNA? Alternate combinations of exons within the same gene are linked together. Which force is most influential in determining the tertiary structure of a protein? Hydrophobic effect Given the following amino acid structure, what is the strongest intermolecular force it would participate in to stabilize a protein structure? Hydrogen bond What is the name of large, functional protein structures composed of smaller proteins with multiple subunits Quaternary structure Which structural level shows the greatest difference when replacing denatured proteins with a denatured single subunit protein? Tertiary Which level of protein structure is established through the dehydration synthesis of peptide bonds? primary Which situation would most likely lead to a permanent alteration of protein function? A mutation that substitutes a hydrophobic amino acid with a hydrophilic amino acid Given the following amino acid structure, what is the strongest intermolecular force it would participate in to stabilize a protein structure? hydrogen bond What is the name of large, functional protein structures composed of smaller proteins with multiple subunits? quarternary structure Pepsin, the enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds, has the highest activity in the acidic environment of the stomach. What process is disrupted after a patient ingests excessive antacid that neutralizes the pH of the stomach? Protein catabolism An active elderly patient is becoming frequently disoriented, having trouble recalling her daily routine, and becoming aggravated easily. She forgets words and places and has difficulty recognizing her children. Which biochemical event is responsible for this patient's behavior? Protein aggregation In which situation would altering a protein structure lead to a disease state? A mutation in aconitase blocks an essential step in aerobic metabolism How does hemoglobin keep blood pH neutral during exercise? Deoxygenated hemoglobin binds to excess H +. What is occurring in surrounding tissues as the amount of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen increases? The amount of carbon dioxide decreases. What is occurring in surrounding tissues as the amount of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen increases? The concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. Identify the factors that favor the oxygenated form of hemoglobin. High pH, low carbon dioxide Which metal ion is bound to the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin? Iron Which feature of hemoglobin makes it an effective oxygen transport molecule? Its affinity for oxygen is regulated by pH. Which enzyme binding scenario best describes enzyme specificity and action? An enzyme binds one substrate or closely related substrates to catalyze only one reaction. How do the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions compare to those of corresponding uncatalyzed reactions? They are 10 6 to 10 12 times faster. Which change will likely increase the activity of an enzyme currently at optimal conditions? Significantly increasing substrate concentration What occurs immediately after the appropriate molecule enters the active site of an enzyme? The enzyme binds the molecule to form an enzyme-molecule complex. An inhibitor is added to the following hypothetical pathway, which results in an accumulation of compound C. Which enzyme is affected by the inhibitor? enzyme 3 What is a temporary modification to protein structure by kinases that alters enzyme function? Phosphorylation Acetylcholine is broken down to acetate and choline by an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase. Low levels of acetylcholine in the brain is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Which of the following medications could be used to treat neurodegeneration associated with low acetylcholine levels? A non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Which type of inhibition occurs when a particular drug binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and subsequently changes the enzyme's structure? Noncompetitive Proteases are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein strands into smaller units. A particular protease, located in the stomach, demonstrates activity at a pH = 1. What is the impact on the protease activity if the pH is increased to 7.4? Significantly decrease What is an accurate description of the proton gradient that is formed during aerobic metabolism? There is a higher H + concentration in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. Which complex polysaccharide acts as an energy-storing molecule in the liver? glycogen How does insulin impact carbohydrate metabolism? It stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood by cells in the body. What occurs during the biochemical process of glycation? A covalent bond forms between a sugar and a protein or lipid. Which metabolic pathway involves coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD? beta oxidation Which cellular condition prompts the cell to perform fermentation rather than the citric acid cycle? lack of O2 What causes the symptoms of noninsulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes? There are not enough GluT4 transporters on plasma membranes. Which molecule is pyruvate directly converted to under aerobic conditions? Acetyl-CoA Which cellular organelle required for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain is not present in red blood cells? Mitochondria Which molecule is replenished by fermentation? NAD+ Long-distance runners often consume energy gels that are high in carbohydrates during their run. Which pathway is triggered by the intake of carbohydrates during exercise? Glycolysis How many ATP molecules are used in the conversion of pyruvate to glucose? 6 Which molecule acts as the primary signal for glycogen breakdown? glucagon What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? An increase in NAD + concentration in the mitochondrial matrix What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbohydrates and high levels of fats? Acetone is produced in the blood. How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid chains. What is a function of cholesterol? Maintains membrane fluidity Which vitamin is not absorbed by phospholipid micelles? vitamin C