Random NBME info from Qbank
15:17 translocation - ✅ACUTE myelogenous leukemia
-retinoic acid receptors
pulmonary embolism - ✅causes respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation
type II pneumocytes - ✅responsible for lung regeneration
caudal regression syndrome - ✅develops in infants from poorly controlled diabetes in the
mother
-paralysis of legs and agenesis of lumbar and sacral spine
opiate withdrawal - ✅flu-like symptoms
-tachycardia, rhinorrhea, and dilated pupils
-abdominal pain and diarrhea too
apolipoprotein E4 allele - ✅could be indicative of development of alzheimers
meckel diverticulum - ✅forms when vitelline duct does not obliterate as it should during
pregnancy
hirschsprung disease - ✅occurs when neural crest cells fail to migrate to the wall
imporforate anus - ✅occurs to to abnormal development of anorectal structures.
-manifests itself in first few days of life, when newborn fails to pass meconium
omphlocele - ✅midline defect in abdominal wall due to failure to close - intestinal organs will
be outside
malrotation - ✅failure of midgut to rotate during development
-can cause twisting of the abdominal loop (volvulus)
prader-willi syndrome - ✅can be caused by uniparental disomy - two maternal copies of 15
angelman syndrome is two paternal copies of 15
,elastase - ✅protease contained in macrophages and neutrophils
sensitivity*** - ✅true positives divided by total positives
triazolam - ✅short-acting benzo
chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam are intermediate to long-acting benzos
granulosa cells - ✅where conversion of androgens to estrogen takes place and FSH acts on
-maturation of androgens
theca interna - ✅where synthesis of androgens takes place and LH acts on
-production of androgens
SD curve - ✅68 percent is one SD while 95 is two SD
pheochromocytoma - ✅increased VMA (catocholamine metabolite) excretion and adrenal mass
in the patient
-can be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2a or 2b
-common, germ-line mutation in neural crest cells can cause tumors in both the adrenal medulla
and the thyroid
MEN 1 - ✅tumors of the pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary.
illeum - ✅contains peyer's patches
duodenum - ✅compound tubular glands are unique to the duodenum - alkaline secretions
meckel's diverticulum - ✅forms when vitalline duct does not regress.
-contains mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis
patchy atectasis - ✅aka collapse of lung alveoli due to increased surface tension bc of lack of
surfactant bc of destruction of type ii pneumocytes
direct vs indirect inguinal hernia - ✅direct (medial to inferior epigastric artery) occurs from
protrusion of abdominal contents thru hesselbach triangle on anterior abdominal wall
-indirect (lateral to inferior epigastric artery) occurs when processus vaginalis fails to obliterate
and the abdominal contents travel down the tunica vaginalis - can lead to scrotum swelling.
hypospadia - ✅urethral opening is on underside (ventral) aspect of the penis due to improper
closing of urethral folds.
,von-hippel lindal disease - ✅VHL is AD disease that can cause renal cell carcinomas.
-deletion of VHL gene on chromosome 3p
RB gene - ✅located on chromosome 13
-leads to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
NF-1 gene - ✅located on chromosome 17
-mutations lead to neurofibromas type-1
WT-1 - ✅located on chromosome 11 and mutations lead to wilms tumor
theophylline - ✅used for COPD - relaxes lung muscles, increases HR
-toxicity results in SEIZURES, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea
glyburide - ✅sulfa drug (used for diabetes) that helps insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
acarbose - ✅alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (brush border enzyme) so that less carbs are absorbed.
carcinoid tumors - ✅composed of nests of endocrine cells
myotonia - ✅abnormally slow relaxation of muscles.
-myotonia muscular dystrophy is 2nd most common, duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most
common)
AZT - ✅HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
-makes 3-5' phosphodiester bond impossible
hepatic encephalopathy - ✅usually precipitated by a stressor that alters the ammonia balance.
-leads to confusion
tricuspid valve endocarditis - ✅often seen in intravenous drug users
-S. aureus is common bacteria
leydig and sertoli cells - ✅in the testes. analogous theca and granulosa cells, respectively.
-leydig cells produce testosterone in response to LH which is released from anterior pituatary in
response to GnRH. testosterone inhibits both LH and GnRH release.
-produce testosterone
, -sertoli cells (analogous to granulosa cells in the female (gs)) produce inhibin in response to
FSH. inhibin has negative feedback on anterior pituitary but not on hypothalamus (GnRH) so
decreased sertoli cell function would decrease inhibin and increase FSH
-responsible for maturation of sperm
body fat redistribution - ✅can be caused by medications for cushing syndrome
(glucocorticoids) and HAART treatment.
cromolyn and nedocromil - ✅mast cell stabilizing agents.
-inhibit mast cell degranulation and are useful for bronchial asthma.
digitial clubbing - ✅thickening of the distal phalanges of the fingers and associated with
hypoxia.
-e.g. bronchiectasis where the lung cannot clear out excess mucous.
iron deficiency anemia - ✅leads to pallor and koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)
mitral valve prolapse - ✅midsystolic click and late systolic murmur best heard over apex of
heart.
arthritis - ✅leads to swelling of proximal (NOT DISTAL) interphalanges joints
polycythemia (erythrocytosis) - ✅hematocrit level above 50% in men and >48% in females.
-absolute is a true increase in RBC mass while relative erythrocytosis is due to dehydration or
excessive diuresis.
-polycythemia vera is when RBCs, platelets, and granulocytes increase. EPO (erythropoitin)
generally decreases
inulin and mannitol - ✅no tubular reabsorption or secretion
-filtered amount = excreted amount
glucose, sodium, and urea - ✅excreted amount is less than filtered amount: some is reabsorbed.
PAH and Creatinine - ✅Excreted amount is greater than filtered amount.
lead intoxication - ✅impairs mito iron transport
-leads to hypochromic anemia
15:17 translocation - ✅ACUTE myelogenous leukemia
-retinoic acid receptors
pulmonary embolism - ✅causes respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation
type II pneumocytes - ✅responsible for lung regeneration
caudal regression syndrome - ✅develops in infants from poorly controlled diabetes in the
mother
-paralysis of legs and agenesis of lumbar and sacral spine
opiate withdrawal - ✅flu-like symptoms
-tachycardia, rhinorrhea, and dilated pupils
-abdominal pain and diarrhea too
apolipoprotein E4 allele - ✅could be indicative of development of alzheimers
meckel diverticulum - ✅forms when vitelline duct does not obliterate as it should during
pregnancy
hirschsprung disease - ✅occurs when neural crest cells fail to migrate to the wall
imporforate anus - ✅occurs to to abnormal development of anorectal structures.
-manifests itself in first few days of life, when newborn fails to pass meconium
omphlocele - ✅midline defect in abdominal wall due to failure to close - intestinal organs will
be outside
malrotation - ✅failure of midgut to rotate during development
-can cause twisting of the abdominal loop (volvulus)
prader-willi syndrome - ✅can be caused by uniparental disomy - two maternal copies of 15
angelman syndrome is two paternal copies of 15
,elastase - ✅protease contained in macrophages and neutrophils
sensitivity*** - ✅true positives divided by total positives
triazolam - ✅short-acting benzo
chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam are intermediate to long-acting benzos
granulosa cells - ✅where conversion of androgens to estrogen takes place and FSH acts on
-maturation of androgens
theca interna - ✅where synthesis of androgens takes place and LH acts on
-production of androgens
SD curve - ✅68 percent is one SD while 95 is two SD
pheochromocytoma - ✅increased VMA (catocholamine metabolite) excretion and adrenal mass
in the patient
-can be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2a or 2b
-common, germ-line mutation in neural crest cells can cause tumors in both the adrenal medulla
and the thyroid
MEN 1 - ✅tumors of the pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary.
illeum - ✅contains peyer's patches
duodenum - ✅compound tubular glands are unique to the duodenum - alkaline secretions
meckel's diverticulum - ✅forms when vitalline duct does not regress.
-contains mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis
patchy atectasis - ✅aka collapse of lung alveoli due to increased surface tension bc of lack of
surfactant bc of destruction of type ii pneumocytes
direct vs indirect inguinal hernia - ✅direct (medial to inferior epigastric artery) occurs from
protrusion of abdominal contents thru hesselbach triangle on anterior abdominal wall
-indirect (lateral to inferior epigastric artery) occurs when processus vaginalis fails to obliterate
and the abdominal contents travel down the tunica vaginalis - can lead to scrotum swelling.
hypospadia - ✅urethral opening is on underside (ventral) aspect of the penis due to improper
closing of urethral folds.
,von-hippel lindal disease - ✅VHL is AD disease that can cause renal cell carcinomas.
-deletion of VHL gene on chromosome 3p
RB gene - ✅located on chromosome 13
-leads to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
NF-1 gene - ✅located on chromosome 17
-mutations lead to neurofibromas type-1
WT-1 - ✅located on chromosome 11 and mutations lead to wilms tumor
theophylline - ✅used for COPD - relaxes lung muscles, increases HR
-toxicity results in SEIZURES, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea
glyburide - ✅sulfa drug (used for diabetes) that helps insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
acarbose - ✅alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (brush border enzyme) so that less carbs are absorbed.
carcinoid tumors - ✅composed of nests of endocrine cells
myotonia - ✅abnormally slow relaxation of muscles.
-myotonia muscular dystrophy is 2nd most common, duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most
common)
AZT - ✅HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
-makes 3-5' phosphodiester bond impossible
hepatic encephalopathy - ✅usually precipitated by a stressor that alters the ammonia balance.
-leads to confusion
tricuspid valve endocarditis - ✅often seen in intravenous drug users
-S. aureus is common bacteria
leydig and sertoli cells - ✅in the testes. analogous theca and granulosa cells, respectively.
-leydig cells produce testosterone in response to LH which is released from anterior pituatary in
response to GnRH. testosterone inhibits both LH and GnRH release.
-produce testosterone
, -sertoli cells (analogous to granulosa cells in the female (gs)) produce inhibin in response to
FSH. inhibin has negative feedback on anterior pituitary but not on hypothalamus (GnRH) so
decreased sertoli cell function would decrease inhibin and increase FSH
-responsible for maturation of sperm
body fat redistribution - ✅can be caused by medications for cushing syndrome
(glucocorticoids) and HAART treatment.
cromolyn and nedocromil - ✅mast cell stabilizing agents.
-inhibit mast cell degranulation and are useful for bronchial asthma.
digitial clubbing - ✅thickening of the distal phalanges of the fingers and associated with
hypoxia.
-e.g. bronchiectasis where the lung cannot clear out excess mucous.
iron deficiency anemia - ✅leads to pallor and koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)
mitral valve prolapse - ✅midsystolic click and late systolic murmur best heard over apex of
heart.
arthritis - ✅leads to swelling of proximal (NOT DISTAL) interphalanges joints
polycythemia (erythrocytosis) - ✅hematocrit level above 50% in men and >48% in females.
-absolute is a true increase in RBC mass while relative erythrocytosis is due to dehydration or
excessive diuresis.
-polycythemia vera is when RBCs, platelets, and granulocytes increase. EPO (erythropoitin)
generally decreases
inulin and mannitol - ✅no tubular reabsorption or secretion
-filtered amount = excreted amount
glucose, sodium, and urea - ✅excreted amount is less than filtered amount: some is reabsorbed.
PAH and Creatinine - ✅Excreted amount is greater than filtered amount.
lead intoxication - ✅impairs mito iron transport
-leads to hypochromic anemia
