Psychopharmacology Drugs the Brain and Behavior 3rd Edition Meyer Nursing Test Bank

rvous System 5. Mitochondria are responsible for generating for the cell in the form of . WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 13 of 247 a. energy; ATP b. energy; glucose c. cytoplasm; ATP d. cytoplasm; glucose Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 6. Neurons exchange information primarily via a. somas. b. dendrites. c. axons. d. axon collaterals. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 7. Dendritic spines serve to a. increase the surface area of the dendrite. b. insulate the axons. c. insulate the dendrites. d. protect the dendrites from degrading enzymes in the extracellular fluid. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 8. The function of the axon is to transmit the , generated at the , to the terminals. a. axoplasm; soma b. action potential; axon hillock c. action potential; dendrites d. synaptic vesicles; axon hillock Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 9. In a myelinated axon, action potentials are regenerated a. at the terminal buttons. b. all along the axon. c. at gaps in the myelin known as nodes of Ranvier. d. at the axon hillock. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 10. Which statement about the myelin sheath is false? a. It is produced by glial cells. b. It increases the speed of signal conduction along the axon. c. It saves energy. d. It is found on all neurons. Answer: d WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 14 of 247 Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 11. are long strands of DNA divided into smaller portions called _ , which code for specific proteins. a. Chromosomes; genes b. Genes; chromosomes c. Transcription factors; genes d. Genes; ribosomes Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 12. Which statement about the process of transcription is true? a. It is driven by ribosomes. b. It occurs in the cytoplasm. c. The nucleotide sequence of DNA is replicated by mRNA. d. It results in the production of proteins. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 13. Proteins, such as receptors and enzymes, are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the soma in a process called a. translation. b. regulation. c. transcription. d. transport. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 14. Which of the following most accurately describes the process involved in protein synthesis? a. Transcription factors activate promoter region → translation by ribosomes → transcription by mRNA b. Transcription factors activate promoter region → transcription by mRNA → translation by ribosomes c. Translation by ribosomes → transcription factors activate promoter region → transcription by mRNA d. Transcription by mRNA → transcription factors activate promoter region → translation by ribosomes Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 15. Epigenetic changes affect gene expression by and by . a. blocking translation; DNA methylation b. breaking down chromatin; blocking transcription c. DNA methylation; chromatin remodeling d. remodeling transcription factors; blocking translation WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 15 of 247 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 16. Axonal transport of proteins occurs along a track formed by a. microtubules. b. neurofilaments. c. anterograde cytoskeleton. d. retrograde cytoskeleton. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 17. Neuronal cell membranes are associated with all of the following proteins except a. transporters. b. ion channels. c. microtubules. d. enzymes. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 18. Many ion channels are not normally open but must be gated or opened by some event. Which of the following is not a typical means of opening ion channels? a. Binding of neurotransmitter to external binding site b. Change in voltage across the membrane c. Phosphorylation by an intracellular second messenger d. Enzymatic reactions Answer: d Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 19. With regard to glial cells, form the myelin sheath in the CNS, while help maintain the ionic and chemical environment. a. Schwann cells; astrocytes b. oligodendroglia; astrocytes c. oligodendroglia; microglia d. Schwann cells; microglia Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 20. The primary immune response in the CNS comes from the action of a. microglia. b. astrocytes. c. white blood cells. d. oligodendroglia. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 16 of 247 21. Neural transmission is generally within a single neuron and between neurons. a. chemical; electrical b. electrical; electrical c. electrical; chemical d. chemical; chemical Answer: c Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 22. The is best described as a result of the selective permeability of the neuronal membrane and the uneven distribution of ions inside and outside the cell. a. action potential b. threshold c. local potentials d. resting membrane potential Answer: d Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 23. The Na+ /K+ pump helps to maintain the by moving three Na+ ions in and two K+ ions out of the cell. a. action potential b. resting membrane potential c. threshold d. local potential Answer: b Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 24. The term ―hyperpolarization‖ refers to a. an excitatory postsynaptic potential. b. the opening of sodium channels. c. movement of the resting membrane potential closer to threshold. d. movement of the resting membrane potential farther from threshold. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 25. Postsynaptic potentials are a type of potential. a. action b. local c. resting d. equilibrium Answer: b Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 26. At the equilibrium potential, the two forces acting on ions are in balance. These forces are the and the . a. Na+ /K+ pump; threshold WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 17 of 247 b. Na+ /K+ pump; electrostatic gradient c. concentration gradient; action potential d. concentration gradient; electrostatic gradient Answer: d Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 27. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are generally caused by channels opening, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials may be caused by channels opening. a. Na+ ; Cl– b. K + ; Cl– c. Ca2+; K + d. Cl– ; K + Answer: a Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 28. Which statement about local potentials is false? a. They are generated on the dendrites and cell body. b. They occur only if threshold is reached. c. They move passively along the membrane. d. They are integrated at the axon hillock. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 29. Summation of local potentials can lead to a(n) at the axon hillock if the is reached. a. equilibrium potential; threshold b. local potential; equilibrium potential c. action potential; equilibrium potential d. action potential; threshold Answer: d Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 30. Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock because this is where are located. a. non-gated K + channels b. voltage-gated Na+ channels c. transporters d. Na+ /K+ pumps Answer: b Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 31. During the period, no additional action potentials can be created. a. absolute refractory b. conduction c. integration d. relative refractory WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 18 of 247 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 32. The absolute refractory period occurs because channels cannot be opened, and the relative refractory period occurs because . a. voltage-gated Na+ ; voltage-gated K+ channels cannot be opened b. voltage-gated K + ; voltage-gated Na+ channels remain open c. voltage-gated Na+ ; voltage-gated K + channels remain open d. voltage-gated Na+ ; Na+ /K+ pumps are activated Answer: c Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 33. Which statement about action potentials is false? a. They are considered all-or-none. b. Extreme excitation will result in a very large action potential. c. They can move via saltatory conduction in myelinated axons. d. They are generated at the axon hillock. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 34. Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, have their effects by a. blocking the Na+ /K+ pump. b. preventing the generation of EPSPs and IPSPs. c. blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. d. blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 35. The and nervous system are components of the peripheral nervous system and relay information about the internal and external environment, respectively. a. cranial nerves; somatic b. autonomic nervous system; sympathetic c. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic d. autonomic nervous system; somatic Answer: d Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 36. Which of the following is not part of the peripheral nervous system? a. Sympathetic nervous system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Spinal cord d. Cranial nerves Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 37. A section of the brain is cut parallel to the face. WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 19 of 247 a. sagittal b. coronal c. horizontal d. caudal Answer: b Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 38. What kind of information is carried by the ventral roots of the spinal cord? a. Sensory information from muscles and skin b. Proprioceptive information from joints and muscles c. Motor information to muscles d. Motor and sensory information Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 39. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for functions and uses as its neurotransmitter(s). a. energy conservation; acetylcholine b. energy conservation; acetylcholine and norepinephrine c. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine d. fight-or-flight; acetylcholine and norepinephrine Answer: d Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 40. Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called _ , and their associated bundles of axons are called . a. nuclei; tracts b. ganglia; tracts c. nuclei; nerves d. ganglia; nerves Answer: a Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System Matching 41. Match each numbered description with a lettered term below. 1. Releases acetylcholine at ganglia and target 2. Fluid-filled cavities in the brain 3. Brain structure that regulates respiration and heart rate 4. Part of diencephalon involved in regulating homeostasis 5. Neural network that regulates motivation and emotion 6. Brain structure that connects right and left hemispheres 7. Originates in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord 8. Part of brain that process and relays sensory information to cortex WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 20 of 247 a. Limbic system b. Corpus callosum c. Hypothalamus d. Parasympathetic division e. Thalamus f. Sympathetic division g. Cerebral ventricles h. Medulla Answer: 1. d; 2. g; 3. h; 4. c; 5. a; 6. b; 7. f; 8. e Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System Short Answer/Essay 42. Write a coherent and informative paragraph using the following terms: transcription factor, promoter region, transcription, translation. Answer: Changes in synaptic activity increase or decrease the production of particular proteins by activating transcription factors in the nucleus. Transcription factors are nuclear proteins that direct protein production. Transcription factors such as CREB bind to the promoter region of the gene adjacent to the coding region, modifying its rate of transcription. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where messenger RNA (mRNA) makes a complementary copy of the active gene. After moving from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to organelles called ribosomes, which decode the ―recipe‖ and link the appropriate amino acids together to form the protein. This process is called translation. Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 43. Briefly describe the role of chromatin remodeling in the epigenetic modification of gene expression. Answer: Chromatin is a complex of DNA, histone proteins, and nonhistone proteins. When histone tails are acetylated, charges open up the chromatin, creating an active state that allows transcription factors to bind to the promoter region of a gene to enhance transcription. The inactive state of chromatin is caused by methylation of histone tails, which pulls the chromatin tighter and prevents the binding of transcription factors, reducing transcription of the gene. Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 44. Name four types of glial cells and give at least one function of each type. Answer: Schwann cells and oligodendroglia produce myelin sheath on peripheral and central nervous system neurons, respectively. Astrocytes regulate the extracellular environment of the neurons, regulate CNS blood flow, and provide physical support and nutritional assistance. Microglia act as phagocytes to remove cellular debris and provide immune function. Textbook Reference: Cells of the Nervous System 45. How are local potentials and action potentials similar, and how are they different? WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 21 of 247 Answer: Similarities: Both involve Na+ and K+ channels. Differences: Local potentials are graded, decremental, produced by opening of ligand-gated ion channels, involve depolarization or hyperpolarization, and spatial and temporal summation. Action potentials are ―all-or-none,‖ nondecremental, produced by opening of voltage-gated channels, involve depolarization only, and the intensity of stimulus is coded by rate of firing. Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 46. Give a detailed, step-by-step description of the stages of an action potential, including a description of and explanation for the refractory periods. Answer: The summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs occurring at any single moment in time occurs at the axon hillock. If the threshold is reached (usually approximately a change from –70 mV to –50 mV), voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing large amounts of Na+ to enter the axon to produce the massive depolarization known as the action potential. At the peak of the action potential (+40 mV), voltage-gated Na+ channels close and cannot be opened until they reset at the resting potential, so no action potential can occur during this time (this is called the absolute refractory period). As the cell becomes more positive inside, voltage-gated K+ channels open and K+ exits from the cell, bringing the membrane potential back toward resting levels. The overshoot by K+ causes the cell to be more polarized than normal, so it is more difficult (although still possible) to reach the threshold to generate another action potential relative refractory period). The action potential moves down the length of the axon by sequential opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Textbook Reference: Electrical Transmission within a Neuron 47. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Answer: The sympathetic nervous system predominates when energy expenditure is necessary, such as during times of stress, excitement, and exertion. This system increases heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates secretion of adrenaline, and increases blood flow to skeletal muscles, among other effects. The parasympathetic division predominates at times when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use; this system increases salivation, digestion, and storage of glucose and other nutrients and also slows heart rate and decreases respiration. Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 48. Discuss the anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including their points of origin in the central nervous system. Answer: The cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are in the ventral horn at the thoracic and lumbar regions. Their axons project for a relatively short distance before they synapse with a cluster of cell bodies called sympathetic ganglia. The preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine onto cell bodies in the ganglia. The postganglionic cells project their axons for a relatively long distance to the target tissues and release norepinephrine. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic neurons are located either in the brain (cranial nerves) or in the ventral horn of the spinal cord at the sacral region. Preganglionic neurons travel long WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 22 of 247 distances to synapse on cells in the parasympathetic ganglia are close to target organs and both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine. Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 49. Describe the HPA axis and the neuroendocrine stress response, including the idea of negative feedback. Answer: Stress causes the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus into the blood vessels ending in the anterior pituitary. The binding of CRF in that gland causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the general blood circulation. ACTH subsequently binds to the adrenal cortex to increase the secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids, all of which contribute to the mobilization of energy to cope with stress or exertion. Cortisol feeds back to the hypothalamus (and hippocampus) to shut down HPA activation and return cortisol levels to normal. Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System 50. Name and briefly describe the functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Answer: The frontal lobe is responsible for movement and executive function. The other three lobes are sensory in function: parietal (somatosensory—touch, temperature, pain); occipital (vision); and temporal (audition). Textbook Reference: Organization of the Nervous System WWW.THENURSINGMASTERY.COM Page 23 of 247 Test Bank to accompany Psychopharmacology, Third Edition Meyer • Quenzer Chapter 3: Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones Multiple Choice 1. Otto Loewi’s experiment with frog hearts was important because it demonstrated that a. the idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct. b. electrical impulses are responsible for neural transmission. c. the frog heart can be kept alive when removed from the frog. d. the neuron doctrine is correct. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Introduction 2. The most common type of synapse in the brain is the synapse. a. axoaxonic b. axodendritic c. axosomatic d. presynaptic inhibition Answer: b Textbook Reference: Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells 3. Though he could not see it, Sir Charles Sherrington correctly surmised that neurons do not actually touch one another. This idea has been verified with the use of a. the electron microscope. b. the light microscope. c. frog heart experiments first done by Loewi. d. electrophysiological recordings. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells 4. The sac-like structures in the presynaptic terminal are called and are filled with . a. mitochondria; neurotransmitter molecules b. synaptic vesicles; mitochondria c. synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter molecules d. mitochondria; ATP Answer: c