Anatomy NBME - Study Guide (2022)
Space from which epidural anesthesia and lumbar function are performed
(depth) ~ Subarachnoid space
Vertebral level at epidural anesthesia and lumbar puncture are performed
~ L3/L4 (or L4/L5)
Level at which the spinal cord ends ~ L2
Level to which the dural sac extends ~ S2
Nerve root compressed by herniated lumbar disk ~ One level below (e.g.
L4/L5 compresses L5)
Consequence of Lumbar herniation ~ Decrease in lower limb reflexes
What causes lordosis ~ Pregnancy, spondylolisthesis, Potbelly
What causes Scoliosis ~ Poliomyelitis, Leg length discrepancy, Hip
disease
What causes Kyphosis ~ Osteoporosis, disk degeneration
Consequence of fracture of Surgical neck of Humerus ~ Axillary nerve
Consequence of fracture of midshaft of Humerus ~ Radial nerve and
origin of brachialis muscle
Consequence of fracture of supracondylar region of Humerus ~ Median
nerve and brachial artery
Consequence of fracture of medial epicondyle of Humerus ~ Ulnar nerve
Smith's fracture ~ Blow to dorsal aspect of flexed wrist causing anterior
displacement of radius
Coles' fracture ~ Force extension of hand (breaking a fall) causing dorsal
displacement of distal radius and avulsed ulnar styloid process
Synonym of Colle's fracture ~ Dinner fork deformity
Cause of scaphoid fracture ~ Fall onto palm when hand is abducted
,Signs of scaphoid fracture ~ Pain on lateral side of wrist during extension
and abduction, deep tenderness of anatomical snuffbox
Boxer's fracture ~ Fracture of neck of metacarpal's : 2nd and 3rd for
professionals, 4th and 5th for unskilled
Cause of Mallet finger ~ Hyperflexion of DIP joint
Result of mallet finger ~ Inability to extend DIP joint due to avulsion of
extensor digitorum tendon to the base of the distal phalanx
Region of shoulder joint where dislocation is most probable and reason ~
Inferiorly due to the absence of rotator cuff tendon
Synonym of Mallet Finger ~ Baseball finger
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 0-15 degrees and nerve ~
Supraspinatus, Suprascapular nerve
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 15 - 110 degrees and nerve ~
Deltoid, Axillary nerve
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 110 - 180 degrees and nerve ~
Trapezius, Spinal accessory nerve & Serratus anterior, Long thoracic nerve
Cause of sub acromial bursitis ~ Calcified supraspinatus tendinitis
Symptoms of Sub acromial bursitis ~ Painful arc of abduction
Cause of Student's elbow ~ Repeated excessive pressure to the
olecranon bursa
Synonym of Student's elbow ~ Subcutaneous Olecranon Bursitis
Synonym of Tennis elbow ~ Lateral Epicondylitis
Cause of tennis elbow ~ Strain on the common extensor tendon and
inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle
Muscles affected by Tennis elbow ~ Extensor carpi radialis longus and
brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti mini, Extensor carpi ulnaris
Synonym of Golfer's elbow ~ Medial epicondylitis
Cause of Golfer's elbow ~ Inflammation of the common flexor tendon
, Muscles affected by Golfer's elbow ~ Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis,
Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi ulnaris
Main arteries that provide anastomoses when subclavian or axillary are
blocked (2) ~ Thyrocervical trunk, Subscapular arteries
Small arteries (branches) that provide anastomoses when subclavian or
axillary are blocked (4) ~ Subscapular, Suprascapular, Circumflex
scapular, Transverse cervical
Contents of cubital fossa from lateral to medial ~ Biceps tendon, Brachial
artery, Median nerve
Subcutaneous structures of the cubital fossa from lateral to medial ~
Cephalic vein, Median cubital vein, Basilic vein
Site of venipuncture and reason ~ Median cubital vein because content
of cubital fossa protected by bicipital aponeurosis
Cause of carpal tunnel syndrome ~ Reduction of carpal tunnel size due
to dislocation of lunate bone, fluid retention, infection
Clinical manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome ~ Anesthesia of lateral
3.5 digits, Palm sensation not affected (Superficial palmar cutaneous),
Absence of opposition
Synonym of upper brachial palsy ~ Erb-Duchenne
Cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Increase in the angle of the neck and
shoulder or birth injury due to forceful pulling of infant's head which leads to
injury of the upper roots and trunks (C5 and C6)
Nerve's injured in Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Axillary, Suprascapular,
Musculocutaneous
Signs of Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Waiter's tip: loss of sensation in the
lateral aspect of the UL, adducted shoulder, Medial rotation of arm,
Extension of elbow
Synonym of lower brachial palsy ~ Klumpke paralysis
Cause of Klumpke paralysis ~ Injury to the lower roots and trunk (C8-T1)
due to UL being pulled superiorly (grabbing support while falling, birth injury)
Pathology associated with Klumpke paralysis ~ Thoracic outlet/Horner
syndrome
Space from which epidural anesthesia and lumbar function are performed
(depth) ~ Subarachnoid space
Vertebral level at epidural anesthesia and lumbar puncture are performed
~ L3/L4 (or L4/L5)
Level at which the spinal cord ends ~ L2
Level to which the dural sac extends ~ S2
Nerve root compressed by herniated lumbar disk ~ One level below (e.g.
L4/L5 compresses L5)
Consequence of Lumbar herniation ~ Decrease in lower limb reflexes
What causes lordosis ~ Pregnancy, spondylolisthesis, Potbelly
What causes Scoliosis ~ Poliomyelitis, Leg length discrepancy, Hip
disease
What causes Kyphosis ~ Osteoporosis, disk degeneration
Consequence of fracture of Surgical neck of Humerus ~ Axillary nerve
Consequence of fracture of midshaft of Humerus ~ Radial nerve and
origin of brachialis muscle
Consequence of fracture of supracondylar region of Humerus ~ Median
nerve and brachial artery
Consequence of fracture of medial epicondyle of Humerus ~ Ulnar nerve
Smith's fracture ~ Blow to dorsal aspect of flexed wrist causing anterior
displacement of radius
Coles' fracture ~ Force extension of hand (breaking a fall) causing dorsal
displacement of distal radius and avulsed ulnar styloid process
Synonym of Colle's fracture ~ Dinner fork deformity
Cause of scaphoid fracture ~ Fall onto palm when hand is abducted
,Signs of scaphoid fracture ~ Pain on lateral side of wrist during extension
and abduction, deep tenderness of anatomical snuffbox
Boxer's fracture ~ Fracture of neck of metacarpal's : 2nd and 3rd for
professionals, 4th and 5th for unskilled
Cause of Mallet finger ~ Hyperflexion of DIP joint
Result of mallet finger ~ Inability to extend DIP joint due to avulsion of
extensor digitorum tendon to the base of the distal phalanx
Region of shoulder joint where dislocation is most probable and reason ~
Inferiorly due to the absence of rotator cuff tendon
Synonym of Mallet Finger ~ Baseball finger
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 0-15 degrees and nerve ~
Supraspinatus, Suprascapular nerve
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 15 - 110 degrees and nerve ~
Deltoid, Axillary nerve
Muscle that abducts upper limb from 110 - 180 degrees and nerve ~
Trapezius, Spinal accessory nerve & Serratus anterior, Long thoracic nerve
Cause of sub acromial bursitis ~ Calcified supraspinatus tendinitis
Symptoms of Sub acromial bursitis ~ Painful arc of abduction
Cause of Student's elbow ~ Repeated excessive pressure to the
olecranon bursa
Synonym of Student's elbow ~ Subcutaneous Olecranon Bursitis
Synonym of Tennis elbow ~ Lateral Epicondylitis
Cause of tennis elbow ~ Strain on the common extensor tendon and
inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle
Muscles affected by Tennis elbow ~ Extensor carpi radialis longus and
brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti mini, Extensor carpi ulnaris
Synonym of Golfer's elbow ~ Medial epicondylitis
Cause of Golfer's elbow ~ Inflammation of the common flexor tendon
, Muscles affected by Golfer's elbow ~ Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis,
Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi ulnaris
Main arteries that provide anastomoses when subclavian or axillary are
blocked (2) ~ Thyrocervical trunk, Subscapular arteries
Small arteries (branches) that provide anastomoses when subclavian or
axillary are blocked (4) ~ Subscapular, Suprascapular, Circumflex
scapular, Transverse cervical
Contents of cubital fossa from lateral to medial ~ Biceps tendon, Brachial
artery, Median nerve
Subcutaneous structures of the cubital fossa from lateral to medial ~
Cephalic vein, Median cubital vein, Basilic vein
Site of venipuncture and reason ~ Median cubital vein because content
of cubital fossa protected by bicipital aponeurosis
Cause of carpal tunnel syndrome ~ Reduction of carpal tunnel size due
to dislocation of lunate bone, fluid retention, infection
Clinical manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome ~ Anesthesia of lateral
3.5 digits, Palm sensation not affected (Superficial palmar cutaneous),
Absence of opposition
Synonym of upper brachial palsy ~ Erb-Duchenne
Cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Increase in the angle of the neck and
shoulder or birth injury due to forceful pulling of infant's head which leads to
injury of the upper roots and trunks (C5 and C6)
Nerve's injured in Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Axillary, Suprascapular,
Musculocutaneous
Signs of Erb-Duchenne palsy ~ Waiter's tip: loss of sensation in the
lateral aspect of the UL, adducted shoulder, Medial rotation of arm,
Extension of elbow
Synonym of lower brachial palsy ~ Klumpke paralysis
Cause of Klumpke paralysis ~ Injury to the lower roots and trunk (C8-T1)
due to UL being pulled superiorly (grabbing support while falling, birth injury)
Pathology associated with Klumpke paralysis ~ Thoracic outlet/Horner
syndrome
