MCAT UPDATED TEST BANK(COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS)
Cell Theory Correct Answer: -all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
magnification Correct Answer: increase size
resolution Correct Answer: differentiate close objects
eyepiece magnification Correct Answer: 10x
objective magnification Correct Answer: 4x,10x,20x, 100x
total magnification Correct Answer: eyepiece x objective
diaphragm (microscope) Correct Answer: controls light
image contrast
hematoxylin Correct Answer: -commonly used dye
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? Correct Answer: binds to the negative sugar-
phosphate backbone
phase contrast microscope Correct Answer: -living organisms
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures
electron microscope Correct Answer: -atomic level
-samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast
prokaryotes Correct Answer: before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes Correct Answer: after nuclei
types of prokaryotes Correct Answer: bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? Correct Answer: -single circle molecule of
DNA
,-within nucleoid region
plasmids Correct Answer: -circular DNA
-small
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci Correct Answer: spherical bacteria
bacilli Correct Answer: rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? Correct Answer: tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: -actin filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: microtubules
phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: -hydrophobic nonpolar tail
-hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: regulate fluidity
transport proteins Correct Answer: -control entry/exit
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose Correct Answer: -CAMs
-allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane Correct Answer: -double membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus Correct Answer: ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes Correct Answer: -protein production
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum Correct Answer: -production and sorting of materials from cell
,smooth ER purpose Correct Answer: lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose Correct Answer: protein production
Golgi structure Correct Answer: membrane bound sacs
golgi purpose Correct Answer: -receives from smooth ER
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
lysosomes Correct Answer: -'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis Correct Answer: cell suicide
mitochondria Correct Answer: powerhouse
-2 layers
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
2 layers of mitochondria Correct Answer: outer-walls
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? Correct Answer: increase surface area
semi-autonomous Correct Answer: own genes
-replicate independently
types of microbodies Correct Answer: -peroxisomes
-glyoxysomes
peroxisomes Correct Answer: -create hydrogen peroxide
-break down fats
-catalyze detox
glyoxysomes Correct Answer: -germinating plants
-convert fats to sugars
chloroplasts Correct Answer: -in plants and algae
-powerhouse
-contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
, plant cell wall composition Correct Answer: cellulose
fungi cell wall composition Correct Answer: chitin
animal cell wall composition Correct Answer: no cell wall!!
centrioles Correct Answer: -specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
microfilaments Correct Answer: -rods of actin
-muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
microtubules Correct Answer: -hollow
-polymers of tubulin
-throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
intermediate fillaments Correct Answer: integrity of cytoskeleton
osmosis Correct Answer: -water movement
-low solute to high solute
hypotonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
-causes cell to swell
hypertonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell less than surrounding
What types of materials are impermeable to membrane? Correct Answer: -large
-polar
-charged
pinocytosis Correct Answer: endocytosis of fluids and small particles
phagocytosis Correct Answer: ingestion of large molecules
Molecules through simple diffusion Correct Answer: -small
-nonpolar
-e.g. O2, CO2
Molecules through facilitated diffusion Correct Answer: -large
-nonpolar
-e.g. glucose
Molecules through active transport Correct Answer: -polar
ANSWERS)
Cell Theory Correct Answer: -all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
magnification Correct Answer: increase size
resolution Correct Answer: differentiate close objects
eyepiece magnification Correct Answer: 10x
objective magnification Correct Answer: 4x,10x,20x, 100x
total magnification Correct Answer: eyepiece x objective
diaphragm (microscope) Correct Answer: controls light
image contrast
hematoxylin Correct Answer: -commonly used dye
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? Correct Answer: binds to the negative sugar-
phosphate backbone
phase contrast microscope Correct Answer: -living organisms
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures
electron microscope Correct Answer: -atomic level
-samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast
prokaryotes Correct Answer: before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes Correct Answer: after nuclei
types of prokaryotes Correct Answer: bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? Correct Answer: -single circle molecule of
DNA
,-within nucleoid region
plasmids Correct Answer: -circular DNA
-small
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci Correct Answer: spherical bacteria
bacilli Correct Answer: rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? Correct Answer: tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics Correct Answer: -protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: -actin filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins Correct Answer: microtubules
phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: -hydrophobic nonpolar tail
-hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer Correct Answer: regulate fluidity
transport proteins Correct Answer: -control entry/exit
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose Correct Answer: -CAMs
-allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane Correct Answer: -double membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus Correct Answer: ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes Correct Answer: -protein production
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum Correct Answer: -production and sorting of materials from cell
,smooth ER purpose Correct Answer: lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose Correct Answer: protein production
Golgi structure Correct Answer: membrane bound sacs
golgi purpose Correct Answer: -receives from smooth ER
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
lysosomes Correct Answer: -'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis Correct Answer: cell suicide
mitochondria Correct Answer: powerhouse
-2 layers
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
2 layers of mitochondria Correct Answer: outer-walls
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? Correct Answer: increase surface area
semi-autonomous Correct Answer: own genes
-replicate independently
types of microbodies Correct Answer: -peroxisomes
-glyoxysomes
peroxisomes Correct Answer: -create hydrogen peroxide
-break down fats
-catalyze detox
glyoxysomes Correct Answer: -germinating plants
-convert fats to sugars
chloroplasts Correct Answer: -in plants and algae
-powerhouse
-contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
, plant cell wall composition Correct Answer: cellulose
fungi cell wall composition Correct Answer: chitin
animal cell wall composition Correct Answer: no cell wall!!
centrioles Correct Answer: -specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
microfilaments Correct Answer: -rods of actin
-muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
microtubules Correct Answer: -hollow
-polymers of tubulin
-throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
intermediate fillaments Correct Answer: integrity of cytoskeleton
osmosis Correct Answer: -water movement
-low solute to high solute
hypotonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell greater than surrounding
-causes cell to swell
hypertonic solution Correct Answer: -solute inside of cell less than surrounding
What types of materials are impermeable to membrane? Correct Answer: -large
-polar
-charged
pinocytosis Correct Answer: endocytosis of fluids and small particles
phagocytosis Correct Answer: ingestion of large molecules
Molecules through simple diffusion Correct Answer: -small
-nonpolar
-e.g. O2, CO2
Molecules through facilitated diffusion Correct Answer: -large
-nonpolar
-e.g. glucose
Molecules through active transport Correct Answer: -polar
