Exam 1 BMS 300 Latest 2022
diffusion` - ANSWER distribution of ion in water over time until equilibrium is reached
polar molecule - ANSWER uneven charge distribution
hydrophilic - ANSWER water-loving,
charged
interaction of charge with dipole moments
hydrophobic - ANSWER water fearing (i.e. lipids, triglycerides)
uncharged
triglycerides - ANSWER glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
glycerol - ANSWER 3 carbon alcohol
trans-fat - ANSWER when the carbons in a fatty acid are double bonded
OH - ANSWER hydroxyl group
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER enzymes take hydroxyl from fatty acid and combine
hydrogen from alcohol
amphipathic - ANSWER both feeling, hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics
phospholipids polarity - ANSWER hydrophobic tail (fatty acid side chain), hydrophilic
head (head group)
hydrophilic head of phospholipid - ANSWER serine, ethanolamine, choline
osmosis - ANSWER the movement of water through channels from a region of higher to
lower concentration
ester bond - ANSWER generated by dehydration synthesis,
C-O-C=O
fully saturated - ANSWER each carbon in the fatty acids of a triglycerides are covalently
linked to a hydrogen
micelle - ANSWER -one layer of phospholipids with tails inward, creating a circle
-unstable
liposome - ANSWER -2 layers of phospholipids with tails facing each other
-stable because of interactions with each other
lipid mosaic model - ANSWER bilayer punctuated by proteins that span the bilayer
,Exam 1 BMS 300 Latest 2022
proteins - ANSWER communication between inside and outside the cell
protein structure - ANSWER polymers of amino acids
peptide bond
sequence of amino acids
peptide bond - ANSWER the site where amino acids are covalently linked to one
another in the chain
What structure results from the amino acid sequence? - ANSWER primary structure
how protein is put together
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - ANSWER R-group
secondary protein structure - ANSWER alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
-depends on h-bonding within the backbone of the protein
antiparallel arrangement - ANSWER arrangement of beta sheet amino terminus to
carboxyterminus
parallel arrangement - ANSWER arrangement of beta sheet carboxyterminus to amino
terminus
NH2 - ANSWER amine group, amino terminus
COOH - ANSWER carboxylic acid group, carboxyterminus
What determines the function of a protein? - ANSWER its 3D shape
alpha helix - ANSWER -twisting because of carbonyl and R groups
-40 amino acids
-every amino acid is h-bonded to every 4 amino acids
- ex. 1 bonded to 4, 2 --> 5
types of R-groups and their interaction with water - ANSWER 1) uncharged R groups:
points away from H20
2)polar- OH or SH: able to face dipole moment on H2O
3)charged either positive or negative: able to face dipole moment on H2O
specificity - ANSWER lock and key fit, interaction
-dependent on 3D shape
affinity - ANSWER stickiness
, Exam 1 BMS 300 Latest 2022
Why is water polar? - ANSWER the electrons in the molecule spend more time near the
oxygen atom than near the proton in each of the two hydrogen atoms
Which end of the water molecule has a negative charge? - ANSWER oxygen
What type of ions are readily soluble in water? - ANSWER charged ions
Why aren't molecules such as lipids readily soluble in water? - ANSWER they are non-
polar or uncharged
In biological systems, what are the channels that permit the movement of ions from a
region of higher to lower concentration, i.e., down a concentration gradient? - ANSWER
transmembrane proteins
What permit the diffusion of positively charged ions? - ANSWER cation channels
What permit the diffusion of negatively charged ions? - ANSWER anion channels
In biological systems, what are the transmembrane proteins that permit the diffusion of
water molecules down a concentration gradient called? - ANSWER aquaporins
What is referred to as the "elixir of life"? - ANSWER water
What is an example of an amphipathic molecule? - ANSWER phospholipids
What are proteins constructed of? - ANSWER long chains of amino acids
How many common amino acids are there? - ANSWER 20
What do amino acids contain? - ANSWER carboxyl group and amino group linked by a
carbon and an R group attached to the carbon
What controls peptide bond formation? - ANSWER the ribosome where mRNA, rRNA,
and tRNA come together in the act of protein translation
What determines the protein's 3D shape? - ANSWER the interaction of the R groups
What are phospholipids constructed from? - ANSWER glycerol
What links amino acids one to another? - ANSWER peptide bonds
What is another name for substrate? - ANSWER ligand
What do proteins in the membrane provide? - ANSWER access in and out of the cell for
charged ions (hydrophilic pathways)
diffusion` - ANSWER distribution of ion in water over time until equilibrium is reached
polar molecule - ANSWER uneven charge distribution
hydrophilic - ANSWER water-loving,
charged
interaction of charge with dipole moments
hydrophobic - ANSWER water fearing (i.e. lipids, triglycerides)
uncharged
triglycerides - ANSWER glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
glycerol - ANSWER 3 carbon alcohol
trans-fat - ANSWER when the carbons in a fatty acid are double bonded
OH - ANSWER hydroxyl group
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER enzymes take hydroxyl from fatty acid and combine
hydrogen from alcohol
amphipathic - ANSWER both feeling, hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics
phospholipids polarity - ANSWER hydrophobic tail (fatty acid side chain), hydrophilic
head (head group)
hydrophilic head of phospholipid - ANSWER serine, ethanolamine, choline
osmosis - ANSWER the movement of water through channels from a region of higher to
lower concentration
ester bond - ANSWER generated by dehydration synthesis,
C-O-C=O
fully saturated - ANSWER each carbon in the fatty acids of a triglycerides are covalently
linked to a hydrogen
micelle - ANSWER -one layer of phospholipids with tails inward, creating a circle
-unstable
liposome - ANSWER -2 layers of phospholipids with tails facing each other
-stable because of interactions with each other
lipid mosaic model - ANSWER bilayer punctuated by proteins that span the bilayer
,Exam 1 BMS 300 Latest 2022
proteins - ANSWER communication between inside and outside the cell
protein structure - ANSWER polymers of amino acids
peptide bond
sequence of amino acids
peptide bond - ANSWER the site where amino acids are covalently linked to one
another in the chain
What structure results from the amino acid sequence? - ANSWER primary structure
how protein is put together
What differentiates one amino acid from another? - ANSWER R-group
secondary protein structure - ANSWER alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
-depends on h-bonding within the backbone of the protein
antiparallel arrangement - ANSWER arrangement of beta sheet amino terminus to
carboxyterminus
parallel arrangement - ANSWER arrangement of beta sheet carboxyterminus to amino
terminus
NH2 - ANSWER amine group, amino terminus
COOH - ANSWER carboxylic acid group, carboxyterminus
What determines the function of a protein? - ANSWER its 3D shape
alpha helix - ANSWER -twisting because of carbonyl and R groups
-40 amino acids
-every amino acid is h-bonded to every 4 amino acids
- ex. 1 bonded to 4, 2 --> 5
types of R-groups and their interaction with water - ANSWER 1) uncharged R groups:
points away from H20
2)polar- OH or SH: able to face dipole moment on H2O
3)charged either positive or negative: able to face dipole moment on H2O
specificity - ANSWER lock and key fit, interaction
-dependent on 3D shape
affinity - ANSWER stickiness
, Exam 1 BMS 300 Latest 2022
Why is water polar? - ANSWER the electrons in the molecule spend more time near the
oxygen atom than near the proton in each of the two hydrogen atoms
Which end of the water molecule has a negative charge? - ANSWER oxygen
What type of ions are readily soluble in water? - ANSWER charged ions
Why aren't molecules such as lipids readily soluble in water? - ANSWER they are non-
polar or uncharged
In biological systems, what are the channels that permit the movement of ions from a
region of higher to lower concentration, i.e., down a concentration gradient? - ANSWER
transmembrane proteins
What permit the diffusion of positively charged ions? - ANSWER cation channels
What permit the diffusion of negatively charged ions? - ANSWER anion channels
In biological systems, what are the transmembrane proteins that permit the diffusion of
water molecules down a concentration gradient called? - ANSWER aquaporins
What is referred to as the "elixir of life"? - ANSWER water
What is an example of an amphipathic molecule? - ANSWER phospholipids
What are proteins constructed of? - ANSWER long chains of amino acids
How many common amino acids are there? - ANSWER 20
What do amino acids contain? - ANSWER carboxyl group and amino group linked by a
carbon and an R group attached to the carbon
What controls peptide bond formation? - ANSWER the ribosome where mRNA, rRNA,
and tRNA come together in the act of protein translation
What determines the protein's 3D shape? - ANSWER the interaction of the R groups
What are phospholipids constructed from? - ANSWER glycerol
What links amino acids one to another? - ANSWER peptide bonds
What is another name for substrate? - ANSWER ligand
What do proteins in the membrane provide? - ANSWER access in and out of the cell for
charged ions (hydrophilic pathways)
