BMS 300 FINAL EXAM Questions and Answers 2022

Dipole Moment - ANSWER Partial negative and partial positive charge What causes surface tension? - ANSWER Hydrogen bonding Hydrophilic - ANSWER "water loving" Hydrophobic - ANSWER "water fearing" Hydration Shell - ANSWER Water surrounding the ions Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of ions from high to low concentrations Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water Amphipathic - ANSWER "both loving" Characteristics of the head group - ANSWER Hydrophilic, charged, phosphodiestor bonds Characteristics of the tail - ANSWER Hydrophobic, uncharged, ester bonds. Characteristics of proteins - ANSWER Made up of amino acids, have polypeptides, includes enzymes, structural elements, and transmembrane proteins Characteristics of Transmembrane Proteins - ANSWER Has a lumen that is a hydrophilic pathway, allows movement of ions, and has R-groups. Hydrophobic interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic interacts with pathway/lumen Characteristics of prokaryotes - ANSWER Archea and bacteria. Single celled, no membrane bound "organs", free floating DNA (circular) Eukaryotes - ANSWER Fungus plants and animals. Multi-cell, organelles, nucleus (DNA compacted) What is contained in the nucleus? - ANSWER DNA Nuclear pores - ANSWER Transport of molecules. It is selective to protein and RNA What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? - ANSWER Ribosomes What does glycosylation mean? - ANSWER It has sugars on it Where does final processing occur? - ANSWER Golgi Apparatus Ribosome - ANSWER Where proteins are made Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Folding, glycosylating, and packaging of proteins Transmembrane proteins - ANSWER Cross the membrane and are on both the inside and outside of the cell Lysosomal proteins - ANSWER Destined for delivery to the lysosome Secreted proteins - ANSWER Destined to leave the cell What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for? - ANSWER Fat processing Characteristics of the mitochondira - ANSWER It is ATP. Is double layered, and is passed down from the mom only What is the lysosome similar to? - ANSWER A garbage disposal Characteristics of long transport - ANSWER Polymer: microtubules. Monomer: tubulin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): kinesin is positive directed and dynein is negative directed Characteristics of local transport - ANSWER Polymer: filamentous actin. Monomer: globular actin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): mysoin. Central Dogma - ANSWER DNA ---replication--- DNA ---transcription--- RNA ---translation--- protein What part of the central dogma occurs in the nucleus? - ANSWER Replication and Transcription What part of the central dogma occurs in the cytoplasm? - ANSWER Translation What part of the central dogma is semi-conservative? - ANSWER Replication What does semi-conservative mean? - ANSWER When creating more DNA we don't destroy the original two strands, rather we keep them. Helicases - ANSWER Unwinds the DNA, and breaks hydrogen bonds Characteristics of DNA polymerase - ANSWER Reads 3' to 5'. Adds 5' to 3'. Has phosphodiester bonds. What is RNA synthesized from? - ANSWER DNA What are the DNA bases? - ANSWER A, T, G, C What are the RNA bases? - ANSWER A, U, G, C What is the promoter in DNA - ANSWER TATA box Characteristics of RNA polymerase - ANSWER 3' to 5'. Breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands. Add appropriate bases, and results in phosphodiester bonds between ribose sugars. Splicing - ANSWER Removal of introns and joining of exons Introns - ANSWER These stay in the nucleus Exons - ANSWER These exit the nucleus and are expressed What are codons? - ANSWER 3 bases on mRNA What is the start codon? - ANSWER AUG What does the stop codon do? - ANSWER Stops translation Characteristics of the ribosome - ANSWER 5' to 3'. Links amino acids via peptide bonds tRNA - ANSWER Transfer RNA. Has the anti-codon and carries amino acids to the ribosomes. Signal Recognition Particle - ANSWER (SRP). Stops translation and moves the rough ER SRP receptor characteristics - ANSWER Located on the rough ER membrane and binds to SRP to help guide ribosomes to protein translocater (translocon) Characteristics of translocon - ANSWER Transmembrane protein (on rough ER), aid proteins entering the lumen of the ER (to integrate proteins into ER membrane) If there is a signal peptide where does it go? - ANSWER Lysosome If there is no signal peptide where does it go? - ANSWER Cytoplasm rRNA - ANSWER Ribosomal RNA mRNA - ANSWER Messenger RNA. Convey genetic info from DNA to ribosomes. What are the four types of tissue? - ANSWER Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Characteristics of Epithelial Cells - ANSWER Form layers. Has polarity orientation (apical vs. basilar). Avascular (contains no blood). Reproduce themselves. Primary Protein Structure - ANSWER Amino acid strings and polypeptide chain Secondary Protein Structure - ANSWER Aplha helix, beta pleated sheet, caused by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Protein Structure - ANSWER Due to R-groups and has a 3-D shape. Tissue - ANSWER A large mass of similar cells that make up an organism and perform a specific function Organ - ANSWER Two different types of tissue working together What are the types of cell junctions? - ANSWER Tight/occluding, gap/communicating, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes Tight/occluding junctions - ANSWER Prevent entry between cells Gap/communicating junctions - ANSWER Have connexons between cells. If the connexon is open travel between cells can happen, if it is not open we don't want or allow transmissions Desmosomes - ANSWER Use cadherins, protein plaque, and keratin filaments to hold/connect together two cells Hemidesmosomes - ANSWER Use keratin filaments, protein plaque, and integrin to anchor the cell to the basal lamina What does apical mean? - ANSWER Faces the lumen (open space) What does basilar mean? - ANSWER Faces the basal lamina (usually near the blood) What is all connective tissue derived from? - ANSWER Mesenchyme What do fibrocytes/fibroblasts create? - ANSWER Connective tissue proper (dermis, tendons, and ligaments) What do chrondroblasts create? - ANSWER Cartilage (fibrocartiledge, hyaline, elastin) What do osteocytes create? - ANSWER Bone What do hematopoetic stem cells create? - ANSWER Blood Diaphysis - ANSWER The middle/long section of the bone Epiphysis - ANSWER The top/bottom part of the bone. Medullary Space - ANSWER Hollow center part of the bone. It is hallow so that the bone is not too heavy What is the medullary space filled with? - ANSWER Yellow bone marrow What does the medullary space alow - ANSWER Fat storage Osteocytes - ANSWER "Bone builder." Secretes collagen and hydroxyapetite Collagen - ANSWER Prevents sheer/lateral forces (sideways forces) Hydroxyapetite - ANSWER Prevents compression forces Osteoblasts - ANSWER "Bone builder" They are mature osteocytes Osetoclasts - ANSWER "Bone breaker." Secrete acid which breaks down bone What stimulates osteoclast activity? - ANSWER Low calcium concentrations Signaling Types - ANSWER Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, and Exocrine Autocrine Signaling - ANSWER "Self." Cell secreting hormone contains hormone receptor Paracrine Signaling - ANSWER "Neighbor." Hormone binds to neighboring cell Endocrine Signaling - ANSWER "Bloods." Hormone travels through blood and enters another cell Exocrine Signaling - ANSWER "Ducts." Hormone travels through a duct and leaves the cell Protein Peptide Hormone Characteristics - ANSWER Hydrophilic, G-protein coupled receptor (transmembrane receptor), fast, secondary messenger (for signal amplification). Adenylyl cyclase -- ATP -- cAMP Steroid Hormone Characteristics - ANSWER Cholesterol based. Hydrophobic. Cyctoplasmic receptor (binds intracellular). Acts a transcription factor. Slow. What does the hypothalamus release? - ANSWER Hormones Where are the ligand gated channels (for Na or Cl) aka stretch activated channels located? - ANSWER Dendrite Where are the potassium (K+) channels located? - ANSWER Soma/cell body What channels are located on the axon? - ANSWER Voltaged gated sodium (Na+) and voltage gated potassium (K+) Where are the voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels located? - ANSWER On the axon terminal (output region) In the nervous system where is the nucleus located? - ANSWER Cell body What channels are responsible for the input region? - ANSWER Ligand gated (stretch activated channels) What channels are responsible for the conductile region? - ANSWER Voltage gated potassium (K+) and voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels Where does the action potential occur? - ANSWER In the conductile region What channels are responsible for the output region? - ANSWER Voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels Where does neurotransmitter release occur? - ANSWER In the output region Characteristics of fast axoplasmic transport - ANSWER Fast (200-400 mm/day). Has membrane bound proteins. Hydrophobic proteins in vesicles (kinesin/microtubules). Characteristics of slow axoplasmic transport - ANSWER Slow (0.5-2 mm/day). Hydrophilic cytoplasmic proteins (katains, kinesin, microtubules). Move in fits and starts which cause slower movement Glial cells in the CNS - ANSWER Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte