WGU C785 COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW SOLUTION
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - process to copy DNA
What is needed to complete PCR - Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and
DNA
Steps of PCR - denaturation, annealing, elongation
denaturation - loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Annealing - cooled to 50c primers stick and want to copy and add DNA polymerase
Elongation - reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides building a new DNA
strand.
base excision repair - a modified base is first excised and then the entire nucleotide is replaced
DNA glycosylase - removes damaged DNA
DNA polymerase - replaces to damaged DNA ligase seals it
base excision repair - removes one single nucleotide
MIsmatch repair - The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired
nucleotides.
What DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair - errors in replication fixed
What occurs when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA - transcription ! DNA
polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches the them to the parental sequences
to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
nonsense - change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
silent mutation - A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino
acid created.
Missense - a mutation that changes one amino acid
What happens during RNA splicing - after transcription, the introns are removed and the exons
are hooks back together
DNA transcription - the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make proteins
, DNA translation - Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein
non-template/coding strand - its sequence matches the sequence of the RNA that is transcribed
from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide
complementary strand - A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary bases to another
strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication, the new strand that is formed is a
complementary strand. (Complementary bases: A-T, C-G)
DNA template to mRNA is? - transcription
ionized alanine - It's an Amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid
that has CH3 it's a weak interaction.
For ionized look for the one with the + or - charge
Misfolding of protein structure in Alzheimer's - Caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular
plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation. Tau is fibrous material inside
cells with this the connections are lost. This becomes defective and form filaments in the
neuron. Amyloid- beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta is clearly
linked to Alzheimer's disease creating senile plaques. Starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Neurodegenerative protein aggregation - Alzheimer's disease, the most common
neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another
characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected
before amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain.
molecular chaperones - A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partially
denatured state.
Primary level of protein structure - chain of amino acids, peptide bonds forming a polypeptide
chain. Covalent bond, does not denature
Secondary level of protein structure - alpha helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheet, hydrogen bond,
denatured by salt and Ph change, contain carboxyl and amino groups
Tertiary level of protein structure - side chain interaction, (R-group) - (3D), ex. sickle cell,
arthritis, hemophilia. Changes seen with increased temp, salt, change in pH and reducing
agents.
Quaternary subunit - more than one polypeptide, Ex: Hemoglobin. Changes seen with increased
temp.
Primary formed by - peptide bonds
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - process to copy DNA
What is needed to complete PCR - Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and
DNA
Steps of PCR - denaturation, annealing, elongation
denaturation - loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Annealing - cooled to 50c primers stick and want to copy and add DNA polymerase
Elongation - reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides building a new DNA
strand.
base excision repair - a modified base is first excised and then the entire nucleotide is replaced
DNA glycosylase - removes damaged DNA
DNA polymerase - replaces to damaged DNA ligase seals it
base excision repair - removes one single nucleotide
MIsmatch repair - The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired
nucleotides.
What DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair - errors in replication fixed
What occurs when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA - transcription ! DNA
polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches the them to the parental sequences
to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
nonsense - change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
silent mutation - A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino
acid created.
Missense - a mutation that changes one amino acid
What happens during RNA splicing - after transcription, the introns are removed and the exons
are hooks back together
DNA transcription - the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make proteins
, DNA translation - Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein
non-template/coding strand - its sequence matches the sequence of the RNA that is transcribed
from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide
complementary strand - A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary bases to another
strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication, the new strand that is formed is a
complementary strand. (Complementary bases: A-T, C-G)
DNA template to mRNA is? - transcription
ionized alanine - It's an Amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid
that has CH3 it's a weak interaction.
For ionized look for the one with the + or - charge
Misfolding of protein structure in Alzheimer's - Caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular
plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation. Tau is fibrous material inside
cells with this the connections are lost. This becomes defective and form filaments in the
neuron. Amyloid- beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta is clearly
linked to Alzheimer's disease creating senile plaques. Starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Neurodegenerative protein aggregation - Alzheimer's disease, the most common
neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another
characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected
before amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain.
molecular chaperones - A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partially
denatured state.
Primary level of protein structure - chain of amino acids, peptide bonds forming a polypeptide
chain. Covalent bond, does not denature
Secondary level of protein structure - alpha helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheet, hydrogen bond,
denatured by salt and Ph change, contain carboxyl and amino groups
Tertiary level of protein structure - side chain interaction, (R-group) - (3D), ex. sickle cell,
arthritis, hemophilia. Changes seen with increased temp, salt, change in pH and reducing
agents.
Quaternary subunit - more than one polypeptide, Ex: Hemoglobin. Changes seen with increased
temp.
Primary formed by - peptide bonds
