HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy and Physiology 1. Which of the following hormones decreases the concentration of blood glucose? A. insulin B. glucagon C. growth hormone D. glucocorticoids 2. Which structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland? A. hypothalamus B. adrenal gland C. testes D. pancreas 3. How much of a female’s blood volume is composed of red blood cells? A. 10% B. 25% C. 40% D. 70% 4. Which type of cholesterol is considered to be the best for health? A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. VHDL 5. Where are the vocal cords located? A. bronchi B. trachea C. larynx D. epiglottis 6. Where does gas exchange occur in the human body? A. alveoli B. bronchi C. larynx D. pharynx 7. What mineral is responsible for muscle contractions? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Magnesium 8. In which of the following locations would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found? A. Thoracic cavity B. Mediastinum C. Abdominal cavity D. Pelvic cavity 9. What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A. Diaphragm B. Mediastinum C. Liver D. Lungs 10. Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function? A. Simple squamous epithelium—secretion or absorption B. Stratified squamous epithelium—changes shape when stretched C. Stratified squamous epithelium—diffusion D. Simple columnar epithelium—secretion or absorption 11. A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on internal surface of stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this? A. Epithelial B. Connective C. Muscle D. Cartilage E. Nervous 12. Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following? A. Osteoblasts B. Neuroglia C. Osteocytes D. Arterioles 13. Which tissue serves as the framework of the body by providing support and structure for the organs? A. Epithelial B. Connective C. Nervous D. Muscle 14. What is the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs? A. Atom B. Organelle C. Cell D. DNA 15. What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli called? A. External respiration B. Internal respiration C. Inhalation D. Cellular respiration 16. In order for inhalation to occur, what must happen? A. Contraction of the diaphragm, which decreases the volume of the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs B. Contraction of the diaphragm, which enlarges the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs C. Recoil of the lungs as the respiratory muscles contract, and the thorax decreases in size D. Recoil of the lungs as the respiratory muscles relax, and the thorax decreases in size 17. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following? A. It is carried in solution or bound to blood proteins. B. It is carried on hemoglobin. C. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells. D. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within the plasma. 18. How does the trachea remain open like a hollow tube? A. Air pressure inside keeps it open. B. Supporting cartilaginous rings keep it open. C. It is reinforced with bone that cannot collapse. D. Special muscles are working to keep the trachea open. 19. The stomach muscle churns and mixes food, turning the mass into a soupy substance called which of the following? A. Bolus B. Bile C. Chyme D. Feces 20. Which type of cell division takes place in the gonads? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. Asexual division 21. In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? A. Back of the hand B. Heel of the foot C. Abdomen D. Over the shin 22. Which of the following proteins is produced by cartilage? A. actin B. estrogen C. collagen D. myosin 23. Which component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate? A. central nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. distal nervous system 24. Which type of substance breaks down to form urea? A. lipid B. protein C. carbohydrate D. iron 25. What is the name for a joint that can only move in two directions? A. hinge B. insertion C. ball and socket D. flange 26. In which of the following muscle types are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner? A. cardiac B. smooth C. skeletal D. rough 27. What are the glands of skin that produce a thin, watery secretion? A. Sebaceous glands B. Eccrine glands C. Apocrine glands D. Endocrine glands 28. Skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels of the body by participating in the production of which of the following? A. Sebum B. Keratin C. Vitamin A D. Vitamin D 29. Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply.) A. Support the body B. Hemopoiesis C. Conduct impulses D. Provide protection 30. The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What is he describing? A. Epiphysis B. Articular cartilage C. Perichondrium D. Diaphysis 31. You have been given a sample of tissue that has open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needlelike structures. What is the tissue? A. Spongy bone B. Compact bone C. Cartilage D. Adipose tissue 32. The heart has an intrinsic beat that is initiated by which of the following? A. Semilunar valve B. Bicuspid valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Sinoatrial node 33. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction result from which of the following? A. Contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall B. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial wall C. Relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall D. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the venous wall 34. Which of the following is the blood vessel where exchanges take place between blood and the cells of the body? A. Artery B. Vein C. Capillary D. Arteriole 35. What is the function of aldosterone? A. It converts proinsulin to insulin. B. It conserves sodium in the body. C. It protects against stress. D. It affects heat production. 36. All the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vein are routed where for decontamination? A. Kidney B. Pancreas C. Spleen D. Liver 37. Which of the following bones is the only moveable bone of the skull? A. Maxilla B. Zygomatic C. Lacrimal D. Mandible 38. Which mineral is responsible for regulating fluid in the body? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Magnesium 39. Why are skeletal muscles also called voluntary muscles? A. They are under conscious control. B. They are attached to the skeleton. C. They use ATP to energize contraction. D. They are striated in appearance. 40. All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? A. Neuroglia B. Efferent pathways C. Afferent pathways D. Neurons 41. Motor or neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS. A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Central D. Peripheral 42. Jeffery has contracted bulbar poliomyelitis, and it has affected the medulla oblongata. The doctors warned the family that his condition is grave and death may be imminent. What functions of the medulla oblongata have warranted such a dire prognosis? A. The medulla oblongata contains vital centers that control heart action, blood vessel diameter, and respiration. B. The medulla oblongata contains neural connections of the reticular-activating system. C. The medulla oblongata contains the pineal gland, which controls the vital centers. D. The medulla oblongata contains the corpora quadrigemina, which controls the neural transmission of impulses along the spinal cord. 43. What are chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and the metabolism of specific target cells called? A. Hormones B. Neurons C. Glands D. Second messengers 44. Which of the following are tropic hormones? (Select all that apply.) A. Somatotropin B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 45. Which leukocytes are correctly matched with their function or description? (Select all that apply.) A. Monocytes—become macrophages B. Basophils—the most common type of WBC C. Lymphocytes—important in immune response D. Neutrophils—phagocytize microorganisms 46. Which are the functional units of the kidney? A. Ureters B. Glomeruli C. Nephrons D. Renal capsules 47. What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs? A. Production of all cells and production of hormones B. Production of interstitial cells and production of hormones C. Production of gametes and production of hormones D. Production of gametes and production of interstitial cells 48. In men, spermatozoa develop within the of each testis. A. Seminiferous tubules B. Vas deferens C. Ejaculatory ducts D. Bulbourethral glands 49. Testicular activity is under the control of which hormone(s)? A. FSH B. LH C. GH D. Both FSH and LH 50. Which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy? A. FSH B. Estrogen C. LH D. Progesterone 51. During pregnancy, what organ produces the hormones that maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production? A. Placenta B. Uterus C. Cervix D. Corpus luteum 52. What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway? A. trachea B. esophagus C. diaphragm D. epiglottis 53. Which substance makes up the pads that provide support between the vertebrae? A. bone B. cartilage C. tendon D. fat 54. How many different types of tissue are there in the human body? A. four B. six C. eight D. ten 55. What is the name of the outermost layer of skin? A. dermis B. epidermis C. subcutaneous tissue D. hypodermis 56. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation? A. norepinephrine B. antidiuretic hormone C. prolactin D. oxytocin 57. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure? A. arteries B. arteriole C. venule D. vein 58. Which of the heart chambers is the most muscular? A. left atrium B. right atrium C. left ventricle D. right ventricle 59. Which part of the brain interprets sensory information? A. cerebrum B. hindbrain C. cerebellum D. medulla oblongata 60. How much air does an adult inhale in an average breath? A. 500 mL B. 750 mL C. 1000 mL D. 1250 mL 61. Which type of cell secretes antibodies? A. bacterial cell B. viral cell C. lymph cell D. plasma cells 62. Which force motivates filtration in the kidneys? A. osmosis B. smooth muscle contraction C. peristalsis D. blood pressure 63. Which structure of the nervous system carries action potential in the direction of a synapse? A. cell body B. axon C. neuron D. myelin 64. Where is the parathyroid gland located? A. neck B. back C. side D. brain 65. What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood? A. osmosis B. diffusion C. dissipation D. reverse osmosis ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. The pulse point located behind the knee is palpated over which artery? Popliteal 2. Part of the body Facing forwardAnterior 3. ……ABCD of cancer? Melanoma {The most dangerous form of skin cancer} 4. Which of the following statements best describe endocrine glands? They secrete chemicals into the blood 5. Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system & the urinary system? Urethra 6. Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecule? Lactic acid 7. When assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has an unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten large amount of: Carrot and squash 8. Which hand position describes an anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward? Palms of the hand facing anteriorly 9. What are like cells grouped together called? A tissue 10. What type of synovial joint is the elbow? Hinge 11. Which structure is a ball and socket joint? Shoulder 12. What are fingerprints made of? Friction Ridges 13. What are like cells grouped together called? Tissue 14. Which is the largest chamber of the heart? Left Ventricle 15. Membrane that lines body cavities that open the exterior of the body is Mucous membrane (inside of the body cavity- serous membrane) 16. Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris group lies on the slide surface of the lower extremity? Vastus lateralis 17. Which structure is located on the sternum? Xiphoid process 18. What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? Increased Cardiac output 19. Where does digestion begin in the digestive system? Oral cavity/Mouth 20. Which cell structure regulates the transportation of substances in and out the cell? Cell membrane 21. The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes are located in which part of the body? Ear 22. What is the function of the thrombocytes (platelets)? Play role in blood clotting 23. What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in the nephrons when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted? Water is reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate 24. What is the function of Golgi body/apparatus in the human cell? Process protein secretion. synthesize carbs and glycoproteins 25. 4 steps in Bone formation: Hematoma (inflammation) -callus formation-ossification- remodeling. 26. Which lobe of the brain is responsible for auditory functioning? Temporal lobe 27. When water molecules move across cell membrane from high to low concentration this process is called? Osmosis 28. Facilitates the recognition of genetic code on macromolecules? DNA 29. What plane divides the body from left to right? Sagittal plane 30. Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body? Eye A&P Version 1 and 2-MIX 1. What are the chemical substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid when an acid or a base is added to it? Buffer 2. What do T-lymphocytes do? Defend the body against microbes 3. Which structure produces T-lymphocytes? Thymus 4. Which structure produces B-lymphocytes? Red bone marrow 5. What is the function of Eustachian tube? Equilibrates pressure between the middle ear and external environment 6. What physiological response occurs when epinephrine and non-ephedrineBlood is directed toward the heart, skeletal muscles and brain. 7. Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory system? Pharynx(throat). It includes nose (nostrils), nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx (voice box). 8. The structure in the lower RS includes: Trachea, primary bronchi and lungs. 9. Calcaneus is located in what part of the body? Foot 10. Dorsiflexion plantar flexion are types of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body? Foot 11. A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in which area? Arm – inability to abduct hands and fingers 12. The ankle is distal to the knee 13. Posterior means what part of the body? The back 14. Which bones are located in the forearm? Ulna and Radius 15. Which bone dose not articulate with any other bone? Hyoid – is a U-shape bone in the neck that supports the tongue 16. Which of the following elements is necessary for muscle contraction? Calcium 17. Diet is important because bone are storage places for? Calcium and phosph