PATHO 203 Final Exam Study Guide 2022 Graded A
1. Priority Assessment for potassium imbalance
- * Altered smooth, skeletal, cardiac, muscle function because of changes in resting
membrane potential (hyperpolarization).
* Abdominal symptoms: distention, diminished bowel sounds, paralytic ileus.
* Skeletal muscle symptoms: bilateral muscle weakness, usually begins in legs,
respiratory paralysis.
* Cardiac symptoms: ectopic beats, alterations in conduction, dysrhythmias may be
serve enough to cause sudden cardiac death.
* Polyuria
2. Function of Aldosterone (additional information can also be found in MOD 6)
- Aldosterone is a steroid hormone released from the Zona glomerulosa region of the
adrenal cortex. It regulates both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of
potassium.
- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion simultaneously
3. Assessment findings expected during stress response
- 1) increased HR
2) increased BP
3) pupils dilated
4) higher pain tolerance
5) blood vessel will constrict
6) reduced gastric secretions
7) increased night and far vision
8) mind clear, we think better
4. Where is ATP made?
- mitochondria
5. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
- Manifestations of disease that are observed are termed signs - objective data gathered
by clinical examination. The subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body are termed
symptoms.
- For example, the feeling of nausea is a symptom, whereas vomiting is objectively
observed and is a sign.
6. What is the purpose of the stress response?
-The stress response, or "fight or flight" response is the emergency reaction system of
the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes
physical and thought responses to your perception of various situations.
7. Effect of the release of catecholamines during the stress response
-Enable the body to rapidly take action to fight or flee the stressor. This series of events
is part of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system.
, 8. How does a vaccine provide immunity?
- * Vaccine contains altered microorganisms or toxins; retain the ability to stimulate the
immune system (antigenic properties); do not have pathogenic properties; do not cause
harm to the host.
* Vaccine contains: live and attenuated (alteared) agents or killed infectious agents.
Tumor Terminology: - Correct answers"-oma" indicates benign tumor (adenoma).
"-carcinoma" and "sarcoma" indicates malignant tumors.
9. Exceptions to tumor terminology:
-These are benign tumors:
Lymphomas
Hepatomas
Melanomas
10. Be able to identify examples of malignant cells
-*carcinoma - epithelia origin (adenocarcinoma)
* Sarcoma - mesenchymal (nerve, bone, muscle) origin.
* Leukemia - white blood cells.
11. What characteristics do benign tumors have?
•Does not have potential to kill host, but may be life-threatening because of its location
•Does not invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites.
•Many are encapsulated.
•More closely resembles original tissue type
•Grows more slowly
•Little vascularity
•Rarely necrotic
•Often retains original function
12. What are phagocytic monocytes called?
Macrophages. Macrophages are derived from monocytes and are found in the tissues.
They have a major role as a first defence mechanism.
13. Identify risks factors for cancer:
* Nutrition.
* Older age.
* A personal or family history of cancer.
* Using tobacco.
* Obesity.
* Alcohol.
* Some types of viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV)
* Specific chemicals.
*Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
1. Priority Assessment for potassium imbalance
- * Altered smooth, skeletal, cardiac, muscle function because of changes in resting
membrane potential (hyperpolarization).
* Abdominal symptoms: distention, diminished bowel sounds, paralytic ileus.
* Skeletal muscle symptoms: bilateral muscle weakness, usually begins in legs,
respiratory paralysis.
* Cardiac symptoms: ectopic beats, alterations in conduction, dysrhythmias may be
serve enough to cause sudden cardiac death.
* Polyuria
2. Function of Aldosterone (additional information can also be found in MOD 6)
- Aldosterone is a steroid hormone released from the Zona glomerulosa region of the
adrenal cortex. It regulates both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of
potassium.
- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion simultaneously
3. Assessment findings expected during stress response
- 1) increased HR
2) increased BP
3) pupils dilated
4) higher pain tolerance
5) blood vessel will constrict
6) reduced gastric secretions
7) increased night and far vision
8) mind clear, we think better
4. Where is ATP made?
- mitochondria
5. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
- Manifestations of disease that are observed are termed signs - objective data gathered
by clinical examination. The subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body are termed
symptoms.
- For example, the feeling of nausea is a symptom, whereas vomiting is objectively
observed and is a sign.
6. What is the purpose of the stress response?
-The stress response, or "fight or flight" response is the emergency reaction system of
the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes
physical and thought responses to your perception of various situations.
7. Effect of the release of catecholamines during the stress response
-Enable the body to rapidly take action to fight or flee the stressor. This series of events
is part of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system.
, 8. How does a vaccine provide immunity?
- * Vaccine contains altered microorganisms or toxins; retain the ability to stimulate the
immune system (antigenic properties); do not have pathogenic properties; do not cause
harm to the host.
* Vaccine contains: live and attenuated (alteared) agents or killed infectious agents.
Tumor Terminology: - Correct answers"-oma" indicates benign tumor (adenoma).
"-carcinoma" and "sarcoma" indicates malignant tumors.
9. Exceptions to tumor terminology:
-These are benign tumors:
Lymphomas
Hepatomas
Melanomas
10. Be able to identify examples of malignant cells
-*carcinoma - epithelia origin (adenocarcinoma)
* Sarcoma - mesenchymal (nerve, bone, muscle) origin.
* Leukemia - white blood cells.
11. What characteristics do benign tumors have?
•Does not have potential to kill host, but may be life-threatening because of its location
•Does not invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites.
•Many are encapsulated.
•More closely resembles original tissue type
•Grows more slowly
•Little vascularity
•Rarely necrotic
•Often retains original function
12. What are phagocytic monocytes called?
Macrophages. Macrophages are derived from monocytes and are found in the tissues.
They have a major role as a first defence mechanism.
13. Identify risks factors for cancer:
* Nutrition.
* Older age.
* A personal or family history of cancer.
* Using tobacco.
* Obesity.
* Alcohol.
* Some types of viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV)
* Specific chemicals.
*Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
